Midlife Crisis in William Shakespeares Sonnet 138 Essay

Midlife Crisis in William Shakespeares Sonnet 138 William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 138† presents an aging man’s rationalization for deceit in an affair with a younger woman. The speaker of the sonnet realizes his mistress lies to him about being faithful. He in turn, portrays himself as younger than he actually is: â€Å"When my love swears that she is made of truth / I do believe her though I know she lies, / That she might think me some untutored youth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1-3). â€Å"Sonnet 138† allows the reader a glimpse into the speaker’s mind, and what one finds is a man suffering from what is commonly known as a midlife crisis. In an effort to reverse â€Å"the downslope [sic] of age† (Kermode â€Å"Millions†), he takes part in a duplicitous affair with a†¦show more content†¦In the last quatrain of â€Å"Sonnet 138,† the speaker questions why the lies are necessary to perpetuate the affair (9-10), then â€Å"makes lame excuses for† the deceptions (Levi n â€Å"Shakespeare’s†). The couplet concludes the sonnet by the speaker resigning himself to the situation (13-4). If fear of aging is the underlying cause behind the affair and lust is the motive, dishonesty is the means. The speaker’s issues regarding dishonesty appear in all three parts of the sonnet. In the first two quatrains, he makes it clear that honesty in his affair is utterly unimportant: â€Å"When my love swears that she is made of truth / I do believe her though I know she lies†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1-2). The speaker states matter-of-factly that he knows his mistress is unfaithful to him, yet he chooses to believe her, at least outwardly. Conversely, though, the use of the word â€Å"swears† in line one could mean, according to Seamus Cooney, that the speaker questioned his mistress about her fidelity (â€Å"Shakespeare†). In lines three through six, as mentioned above, the speaker also feels no qualms about trying to deceive his mistress regarding his age. To prove that honesty is not a virtue in the first two quatrains, the speaker even comments on how his mis tress tries to fool him by going along with his deception, and he confesses to pretending not to notice when she tries to fool him! According to Moore, the deceit present â€Å"is so cynical [and] self-conscious †¦ that

Transforming Vain Danger Second Hand Smoke and the Abject

Coughing, wheezing, and faint cries of an infant; all are sounds of children affected by their parents’ terrible habit: smoking. Secondhand smoke affects everyone nearby, everyone breathes in those horrible chemicals found in cigarettes. What a smoker does to themselves is a personal matter, but what they do to a non-smoker is different. New laws in Texas can help protect nonsmokers from secondhand smoke, as well as the harmful effects it causes. Secondhand smoke has many classifications, a well known term being Environmental Tobacco Smoke or ETS. There are two compounds of secondhand smoke; one is side-stream smoke. Side-stream smoke or SS smoke is the smoke coming from the lighted end of a cigarette. The second is mainstream smoke. Mainstream smoke is the smoke which is exhaled by the smoker. Side-stream smoke is the more harmful of the two because of the high level of carcinogens it contains. Carcinogens are known to be the cancer causing agent in humans. Side-stream smoke also has smaller particles than its counterpart, making a bystanders lungs and cells easy access for the smoke to enter. The more of this smoke, we breathe, the more harmful chemicals enter our body. Passive or involuntary smoking is when a non-smoker is exposed to secondhand smoke. A smoker and non-smoker take the smoke in through the same path (â€Å"Secondhand Smoke†). As we continue to find out more about the risks of secondhand smoke restrictions in public places is becoming more accepted in the UnitedShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesthat generated and were in turn fed by imperialist expansionism, one cannot begin to comprehend the causes and consequences of the Great War that began in 1914. That conflict determined the contours of the twentieth century in myriad ways. On the one hand, the war set in motion transformative processes that were clearly major departures from those that defined the nineteenth-century world order. On the other, it perversely unleashed forces that would undermine Western world dominance and greatly

Developing Marketing Capabilities Process

Question: Discuss about the Developing Marketing Capabilities Process. Answer: Introduction: Phone belongs to S-series brand of the company and was launched in February 2016 together with its sister brand galaxy S7. The two had combined total sales of over 48 million mobile phones sold in 2016 and together with its accessories the sales figures hit over 90 million in the same year under review according to the sales reports provided by the company in Q4 of 2016. Galaxy S7 edge is a flashy aesthetic phone with desirable specs such as long battery life, high microprocessor speed as well other features. (Mihart, 2012) The respondents were two male University undergraduate students aged 20 and 21 respectively. Apart from studies the first respondent who is aged 20 sales branded T-shirts in local town and to fellow students while the second respondent who is aged 21 is one of the student union leaders and after lectures he has to dedicate his spare time in resolving students welfare issues in the university. The two respondents purchased Samsung galaxy S7 edge phone. For both respondents the purchase was limited decision making process because both have had personal experiences with many types of phone and through friends and people close to them. They therefore did not have dig extensively deep for information regarding this purchase. (Yap and Yazdanifard, 2014) Analysis of the decision making process For the first respondent his phone battery life couldnt run a whole day without needing recharge. He does most of his T-shirt sales in social media and this means he constantly engaged in his social media accounts to reply to customer enquiries and close sales. When his battery goes down it meant he doesnt move from one point to another doing deliveries and marketing instead he has to wait for the phone to charge before he can continue with his work. This meant he either purchases a power bank which he will need to recharge it before starting the day and use it to recharge his phone when the battery goes down or purchase a phone with longer battery life. The latter was easier for him and he decided to go for a phone with superior battery life to solve this problem. (Kanagal, 2016) For the second respondent he receives a lot of calls from students who need one or two issues fixed for him or her. The University population is large and so does the number of issues arising from the students. He also needs to keep up with the lectures and other academic activities. This lead to his phone running out of the battery even before the day ends. He also considered purchasing a power bank and retaining the same phone but that meant extra work for him recharging the power bank daily and carrying it with him wherever he goes. He therefore went for purchasing a Smartphone phone with longer battery life that can run a whole day without needing recharge. In the information search stage the two case studies marries well with the literature in that the two respondents utilized ways of searching information such as asking friends, personal experiences and search engines. The Both respondents drew heavily on friends and search engines for information search. They both had prior experiences with various types of phones and did not therefore take much time seeking relevant information that they thought were going to help them resolve their problems. The cost for information search was not significant as they got most of the information for free from friends and past experiences with phones. At this stage they began their risk management in that they listed the pros and cons of buying the new phones. The first criteria was choosing a phone that had long battery life that can withstand a long day activities of calls and browsing without needing recharge. Most of the phones that they had used before averaged a half day usage before needing recharge. They had battery capacity range of between 1800mAh to 2000mAh. This meant that for them to have a phone that can comfortably run their day smoothly the battery capacity of the new phone they intended to buy has to have at least over 3000mAh battery spec. The other criterion was the phone had to have strong capability in terms of speed and processing information fast enough without hanging. They also liked to have an aesthetic phone something that appeal to other students especially for the first respondent as this shows he has good taste of fashion and his brands on his T-shirts have good appeal and acceptance among the young generation which is huge part of his customer base. Both respondents had a number of mobile brands in their sele ction sets. The first respondent considered purchasing Xiomi Mi max with battery capacity of 4850mAh and Gionee Marathon M5 plus with battery capacity of 5020mAh. He made his decision based on the strength of the brand as well as availability of the support service and accessories of the phones. While the other two phones in the consideration set had superior battery life compared to Samsung galaxy S7 edge at 3600mAh first respondent decided to strike a balance between good battery life and availability of support services. The Second respondent considered buying Samsung galaxy S7 but compared with the edge it battery capacity was still less impressive to him at 3000mAh. The edge also had bigger display which appealed to him more than S7 brand. (Kanagal, 2016) The first respondent purchased his phone via online store where you can view the product pictures online as well the specifications. Having gone through the selection criteria had made up his mind about the phone he was going to purchase and that was Samsung galaxy S7 edge. While he was online doing his T-shirt business he come across and advert that was advertising the same phone he wanted to buy. The advert contained an offer for the same phone at 20% discount and this offer was limited. He made the decision to buy promptly through the advertising online store to take advantage of the offer. The second respondent visited the mobile phones shop in the local town. The shops were running different offers ranging from loading free one hour mobile talk time to your mobile line if you purchase from them to having one year warranty if the phone doesnt work as expected and its not buyers fault. He bought the phone at the place where he was given one year warranty of the phone it case it do esnt function as expected. (Guenzi and Troilo, 2006) After the purchase both respondents were satisfied with the performance of their new phones given that they could go about their normal business day uninterrupted with low battery in their phones. This was their problem. They indicated they will try and a maintain Samsung brand next time they need to upgrade their phones. Comparison with existing literature Comparing the two respondents purchase decision making process with what is available in the literature, there is a number of similarities and differences. In the fast step of what triggered the problem the two cases were already faced with a challenge of deciding if they wanted to go for power bank or buy a new phone altogether. (Jaakkola, 2007) This decision was made before the other steps of the consumer decision making procedure were reached. In the criteria stage these cases also resembled what is captured in the literature in that the respondents were guided by the need to resolve a particular problem in this case short battery life as well as other criteria such aesthetic and processing speed. In the purchase stage both case exhibited similarities with literature available for this stage. (Kanagal, 2016) The respondents were affected by the environment such as exposure to advert and promotional incentives warranty that lead them to purchase the phones. On the post purchase sta ge the respondents returned a satisfied verdict in that the phones performance were as expected and further alluded to maintaining the same brand of Samsung phones when they will consider upgrading these gadgets in future. This is also what is captured in most literature concerning consumer decision making process. Conclusion In conclusion the consumer decision making process is real concept that best captures the process through which a consumer makes a decision when in need of purchasing any item as we have seen with the first and the second respondent in this paper. Traders or business people should acquaint themselves with this process so that they can develop effective marketing tool or campaign to boost their sales. References Guenzi, P. and Troilo, G. (2006). Developing marketing capabilities for customer value creation through MarketingSales integration. Industrial Marketing Management, 35(8), pp.974-988. Jaakkola, E. (2007). Purchase decision-making within professional consumer services: Organizational or consumer buying behaviour?. Marketing Theory, 7(1), pp.93-108. Kanagal, N. (2016). An Extended Model of Behavioural Process in Consumer Decision Making. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 8(4), p.87. Kumari, P. (2016). Consumer Brand Preference towards Mobile Phone: Effect of Mobile Phone Attributes on Purchase Decision. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 01(01), pp.01-10. Mihart, C. (2012). Impact of Integrated Marketing Communication on Consumer Behaviour: Effects on Consumer Decision Making Process. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 4(2). Yap, C. and Yazdanifard, R. (2014). How Consumer Decision Making Process Differ From Youngster to Older Consumer Generation. Journal of Research in Marketing, 2(2), p.151.

Case Law free essay sample

Negligence is a complex term including advertent and inadvertent acts and omissions where there has been a failure to take reasonable care to prevent loss, damage or injury to others whom they could reasonably have foreseen might have been injured if that care was not taken. Pentony at al. 2011) There are different categories of negligence and the one concerning the above mentioned cases is Pure Economic Loss. A claim for ‘pure’ economic loss arises where the plaintiff has suffered economic loss which is not consequent upon any physical injury to person or property (Stewart amp; Stuhmcke, 2007) Caltex Oil (Australia) Pty Ltd v The Dredge â€Å"Wilemstad† (1976) has been a one of the landmark cases, where the High Court reached a conclusion that damages could be recovered for economic loss not consequent on injury to personal property. The facts of the case were: An oil refinery pipeline was damaged during dredging work in Sydney’s Botany Bay which connected an oil refinery at Kurnell, on the southern shore, with an oil terminal at Banksmeadow, on the northern shore * Both the refinery and the pipeline were owned by Australian Oil Refining Pty. Ltd. (A. O. R. ) and the terminal was owned by Caltex Oil (Australia) Pty. Ltd. (Caltex). * Caltex supplied crude oil to the refinery for processing, and the product was delivered to Caltex either into a vessel at the A. O. R. wharf or by way of the pipeline to the Caltex terminal. Caltex, which used but did not own the pipe, was forced to transport oil by road and sea while the line was repaired * Caltex claimed these costs from the dredge owner and the company responsible for preparing the dredging route This case succeeded in High Court on consideration of following factors: * The damages were purely economic and have resulted directly because of the defendants negligence and therefore is entitled to damages * Though there was no physical damage, defendant’s negligence has caused the plaintiff or the plaintiff’s property to be ‘immobilised’. Hence needed compensation. * Another factor which was considered while arriving at a decision was negligent conduct and knowledge of the plaintiff’s vulnerability. The defendant here knew and should have known that Caltex would suffer the type of financial losses it did. * Hence Caltex succeeded. A similar case Perre amp; Ors v Apand Pty Ltd (1999) appeared once again on grounds of pure economic loss. The facts of the case are as under: * Apand Pty Ltd controls 60% of the Australian potato crisp industry and regularly new varieties of potatoes * The Perre family owns several potato farms in South Australia and sells its products in Western Australia * In 1991, Apand supplied non-certified (unapproved) potato seed for experimental use to a farm adjoining a Perre farm * The seed contained bacteria disease which infected the experimental crop * The Western Australian regulations imposed a prohibition on the importation into Western Australia, not only of potatoes grown on land known to be affected by the disease, but also of potatoes grown on land within a certain distance of affected land. Although the Perre crop was not contaminated, they were barred under Western Australian quarantine laws from selling their potatoes in that state for five years * Apand’s internal records showed it knew there was a contamination risk and that neighbouring farms could suffer economic loss because of the quarantine laws * This case was declined by the full federal court on grounds that Apand’s duty of care was limited to the farmer who had received the diseased seed However, later, on appeal to the High Court, it was held that Apand was liable * In broad terms, the court found that there is a duty to take care to avoid economic loss where: * One party knows or reasonably should know that their conduct could harm an individual or class (group) of people, i. e. , they held a ‘controlling’ position; and * That person or class cannot protect themselves, ie. they were vulnerable * However, the justices abandoned proximity as the sole basis of identifying a duty of care and took a number of individual approaches in this case with the most notable being the plaintiffs’ vulnerability and inability to protect themselves. * There were some particular policy considerations that have been identified by the courts as being relevant in these types of cases, the most often cited policy consideration in these cases is the fear of indeterminate liability’ The difference in decisions of High Court: Caltex Oil (Australia) Pty Ltd v The Dredge â€Å"Wilemstad† (1976) case was decided based on factors like duty of care, reasonable foreseeability of harm and proximity. * In Perre amp; Ors v Apand Pty Ltd (1999), factors like duty of care, plaintiff’s vulnerability and inability to protect themselves were the main considerations apart from factors of policy considerations like indeterminate liability while arriving at the conclusion not placing major reliance on proximity. Question 2 Andrew was not a regular wine drinker but to celebrate his anniversary with Mary, he decided to find the perfect red wine to complement the food that he was going to cook for both of them. Andrew was told by one of his friends that Winemaker Leo Cusseo makes excellent red wines. Andrew bought the Pinot Noir 2004 by Leo Cusseo accordingly. During the dinner, everything was very lovely and Andrew proceeded to unscrew the metal cap on the wine bottle. All of a sudden the plastic stopper on the bottle shot out and hit Andrew in one eye. This led to serious bleeding and eventually blindness on the eye. Mary was so shocked that she suffered from post-traumatic disorder and could not go back to work for months. She also had to constantly care for Andrew. After an investigation by a third party, it was later discovered that the hidden plastic stopper would often shoot out, sometimes up to 3 meters, after unscrewing the metal cap. As there was no warning on the bottle, could Andrew bring a successful negligence claim against Leo Cusseo? Explain. Issues: The Issue here is whether Andrew can bring a successful negligence claim against Leo Cusseo under common law or Statutory law? To succeed in the negligence claim, Andrew – plaintiff will have to prove these elements of law. Relevant Legal principles: We shall examine the case under both statutory law and common law. The plaintiff not only needs to prove that the defendant owed him or her a duty of care, but also that there has been a ‘breach’ of that duty of care. To prove a breach of duty involves the plaintiff having to prove two things: that he or she owed a particular ‘standard of care’ and that the defendant failed to meet that required standard or failed to take the appropriate precautions’ (Pentony at al. 2011). There is a breach of the duty of care if the defendant does not do what a reasonable person would have done in the same circumstances. To decide this, the court is to consider the following. The probability that the harm would occur if care were not taken; b) The likely seriousness of harm; ) The burden of taking precautions to avoid the risk of harm d) The social utility of the activity that creates the risk of harm (Pentony at al. 2011). 3. The third element required in any action in negligence is proof that the plaintiff suffered loss, damage or injury as result of defendant’s negligent acts or omissions. A plaintiff suffered loss, damage or injury. There are two tests which should be complied with to prove the link between the cause and damage. The ‘but for’ test and the ‘direct consequences’ test. 4. The relevant case applicable in these circumstances is Donoghue V Stevenson(1932) AC 562- common law Application: * In the present case, Leo Cusseo as a manufacturer of red wine owed a duty of care not to cause injury or damage as a result of his products. As the third party investigation revealed that the hidden bottle stopper often shooted out upto 3 metres of unscrewing the cap, it was reasonably foreseeable that Leo’s conduct could harm anyone in Andrew’s position. Moreover Leo was in a position to prevent such harm from happening as it was under his control. Moreover he failed to provide any warning about the same on the bottle of wine. Thus based on the above circumstances, it can be proved that Leo Cusseo owed a duty of care to Andrew. * To prove a negligence claim, it is important to prove that there was breach of duty of care. It can be said that there was a breach as the risk was serious, reasonably foreseeable and could be controlled. This can also be proved based on the case of Donoghue V Stevenson (1932) AC 562 where May Donoghue’s friend purchased a ginger beer contained in a dark bottle for May, and after finishing the drink, May Donoghue found the remains of a snail, she fell ill and sued for the injury caused to her. In the present case, Leo Cusseo provided defective bottle caps which harmed the plaintiff and the probability, likely seriousness of harm was high and Leo did not take any reasonable precautions to avoid this harm. * The plaintiff in the present case has suffered damage as a result of defective bottle cap which could have been avoided, had care been taken. Hence Leo was liable under common law. * Even under Wrongs Act 1958 (Vic), Leo can be held liable as the risk was foreseeable, significant and he had not taken any reasonable precaution to avoid such harm. Therefore he is liable under statutory law too. Conclusion: Based on the application of both statutory law and civil law factors, it can be held that Leo Cusseo is responsible for negligence towards Andrew. b. If there was a warning on the bottle which stated â€Å"Open carefully, inner plastic stopper may eject†, would your answer to A be different? Though there was a warning on the bottle, the tests discussed above would apply to arrive at a conclusion whether Leo Cusseo was liable under negligence to Andrew :- * Even if there was a warning on the bottle, Leo Cusseo still owed a duty of care to Andrew. The ‘duty of care’ in negligence is a legal duty to take reasonable care to prevent foreseeable harm. It is not a mere ‘moral obligation, or social responsibility, but a legal duty of care, breach of which might result in damages†¦for any injury suffered in consequences of the breach’ * A mere warning on the bottle does not protect the defendant as they are expected to take reasonable care to prevent harm occurring to plaintiffs and the action is under control of the defendant which establishes his duty of care owed to plaintiff Andrew. * Secondly, there has been a breach of duty of care as discussed above. * Thirdly, the plaintiff has suffered damage as a result of defective bottle cap which could have been avoided, had care been taken. Hence Leo was liable under common law. Even under Wrongs Act 1958 (Vic), Leo can be held liable as the risk was foreseeable, significant and he had not taken any reasonable precaution to avoid such harm. Therefore he is liable under statutory law too. * The presence of warning on the bottle is not sufficient to refute claims of negligence by Leo. However, he can use Contributory negligence as main defence to protect himself under s 26(1) of the Wrongs Act 1958 (Vic). In order to prove contributory negligence the defendant has to prove that the plaintiff was at least partially at fault and the fault effectively contributed to the loss, damage or injury. The defendant can argue that he had provided warning and Andrew did not follow the warning contributing to his loss or injury by failing to take reasonable care. Conclusion: It can be concluded that though there is presence of warning on the bottle, it does not relieve Leo Cusseo from the duty of care he owed to Andrew. However, the same can be used as a defence in the form of contributory negligence by not following the warning. c. Can Mary bring a successful negligence claim against Leo Cusseo too? Explain. To prove negligence of Leo Cusseo towards Mary, we would need to apply the same tests of duty of care, breach of duty of care and arising of injuries or damages as a result of such breach. * Firstly, we have to establish a duty of care of Leo towards Mary. Applying ‘neighbour principle’ to determine the existence of duty of care. Though there was no contract between Mary and Leo Cusseo, According to Lord Atkin, as per the neighbour principle, the defendant must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbor. Neighbour is a person who is so closely and directly affected that they need to be in mind as being so affected that directing our mind to the acts or omissions which are called into question. * The concept of reasonable foreseeable risk of injury (and, therefore, the determination of the persons to whom a duty of care can be owed) now encompasses nervous shock or the psychiatric consequences that can result from seeing or hearing about injuries to those close to you. (Pentony et. l 2011) * Mary could bring a successful negligence claim against Leo Cusseo as evident from Jaensch V Coffey (1984) where Coffey suffered psychiatric consequences as a result of seeing and hearing about injuries to her husband. Hence duty of care of Leo can be established based on the above case. * Secondly, there has been a breach of duty of care as discussed above. * Thirdly, the Mary has suffered post-traumatic disorder as a result of seeing her husband’s accident. Hence Leo was liable under common law. * Even under Wrongs Act 1958 (Vic), Leo can be held liable as the risk was foreseeable, significant and he had not taken any reasonable precaution to avoid such harm. Therefore he is liable under statutory law too. Yes, based on the points discussed above, Mary can also bring a successful negligence claim against Leo Cusse. Question 3 (10 marks) Annie saw the following advertisement in a shop window: ‘Today’s Special Offer: Michael Jackson CDs $2. 99 each. ’ Annie went into the shop and said she would take five. The shopkeeper said: ‘That’s $64. 95, thank you. ’ When Annie pointed out that the sign in the window said ‘$2. 99’ the shopkeeper said that his assistant must have made a mistake as the price was actually $12. 99 each. Which of the following is the most correct? Explain your answer using relevant legal principles: a. Annie and the shopkeeper have a contract for the sale of the five CDs at $2. 99 each. b. Annie and the shopkeeper have a contract for the sale of the five CDs at $12. 99 each. c. There is no contract because no one has made an offer. d. There is no contract because no one has accepted an offer. There is no contract because no one has accepted an offer. This case involves contract law, in particular offers and acceptance and distinction between an offer and invitation to treat. In order to analyze the above question, we first have to analyze whether a contract exists between the shopkeeper and Annie. A contract may be described as an agreement or set of promises that the law will enforce. Not every promise to do something will be enforced and the law has to determine which promises give rise to legal obligation or merely moral obligation. In order to verify whether a contract exists, there needs to be essential elements of a formation of contract i. e. agreement (Offer and acceptance), consideration, intention to create legal relations, certainty of terms. In the present case there was no contract as there was no agreement. There was no offer. First of all, the advertisement in a shop window was not an offer but an invitation to treat. An invitation to treat is merely an expression of interest in doing business and carries no legal obligation. It is not a positive undertaking but merely an expression of willingness to enter negotiations. The display of goods on shop shelves, in catalogues and advertisements are not offers but invitations to treat. This means that if a person responds to an advertisement for goods but is not able to purchase them because, for instance, the seller has run out of stock, no remedy is available in contract. This can be proved based on the case Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain V Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd (1953) where display of priced goods on a shelf was held not to infringe a state prohibiting the sale of drugs except under the supervision of a registered pharmacist. Similarly the display of goods in the present case was merely an invitation to treat and not an offer to sell; when Annie went into the shop, the shopkeeper could either accept or reject the offer. An invitation to treat covers all those aspects of the negotiating process falling short of the final offer. Secondly, shop keeper can argue that the advertisement was not meant to be taken seriously but was a mere advertising puff and hence there was no intention to create a legal relation.

How Far Is the Monarchy an Outdated Institution Essay Example

How Far Is the Monarchy an Outdated Institution Essay The question of as to how important the monarchy stands today in todays society is one of considerable importance of more recent times. Although recent polls suggest that around 70% of Britons want to keep the monarchy we can see a huge drop in the amount of 18- to 24-year-olds who say they do not want a monarch. This essay will try to consider both pro monarchy and pro republican arguments in analysing as to just how outdated the monarchy is as an intuition. To have a greatest understanding of the question we must first understand the what the monarchy is and the alternatives to it. A republic, unlike a monarchy is a polity in which governmental power devolves by popular election, and not by heredity. In Monarchy to Republic by Winterton (1986 p2) defines Its older meaning as simply a state or polity, or a state including a monarchical one with a mixed government or balanced constitution. But after 1649 republic was often used to describe a state without a king, or a state in which power was derived from the people, it was often treated in association with democracy or commonwealth. We will write a custom essay sample on How Far Is the Monarchy an Outdated Institution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How Far Is the Monarchy an Outdated Institution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How Far Is the Monarchy an Outdated Institution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There are four main modern theorys as to how useful the monarchy is today these are: A celebration of shared values (Shils and Young) whereby the monarchy is thought to be a key actor in creating a nation state. The monarchy seemingly has the power to bring people together for the common good of the nation. The pinnacle of the ruling class (Karl Marx) Marx suggests that the monarchy is the is the largest symbol of the bourgeoisie and is just another institution trying to control the proletariat. An outdated irrelevance (Birnbaum) this theory is that the monarchy is insignificant in todays society and even though they may well have absolute power in it would never be used to any importance. The mainstay of an archaic state system (Nairn), this suggests that the monarchy is just the foundation of whats wrong with are state system at the moment due to conservative minds unwilling to change things. The first theory has very little evidence to support itself, in fact according to the recent Guardian/ICM poll and the Independent on Sunday MORI poll. Under half those surveyed in a recent poll considered the royal family to be important to Britain. One in three believed the royals were out of touch. Less than one in four thought they were hard working. Just one in 10 thought the royal family were good value for money. I believe this do be undeniable evidence that the monarchy does not bring people together with shared values for how can we identify with someone that has nothing in common we the people they govern. It all sounds like hypocrisy to me why are the royals held up as an example for people to follow. They must be one of the worlds most famous dysfunctional families. They are ashamed of divorcees, alcoholics and possible homosexuals in their midst. Their values are completely corrupt. Marxs theory on class war is very popular with leftist theorists. He suggests that were ever there is capitalism and the need to make money they will be institutions attempting to control others for there own personal gain. A relevant quote would be that of Keir Hardie on the 1897 Jubilee: The cheering millions would be there and cheer just as lustily if the occasion were the installation of the first President of the British Republic; the soldiers are there because they are paid for coming;the statesmen are there because Empire means trade and trade means profit.In this country loyalty to the Queen is used by the profit mongers to blind the eyes of the people; in America loyalty to the flag serves the same purpose.. Birnbaums theory is one of complacency in my eyes. I agree he is right that the monarchy is irrelevant in todays society but they still cost the taxpayer money. The taxpayer spends over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60 million per year on services related to the monarchy. This money could be spent on hospitals or schools and until recently, the Queen paid no tax whatsoever on her property or income. Everyone should have the same rights. People who didnt pay the poll tax are still being hunted down and locked up. Nairns theory on outdated state system is most relavant to todays monarchy. The theory explains as to has outdated and undemocratic the monarchical system is. The Queen can veto an Act of Parliament, intervene in policy decisions, and even dissolve the government if she wishes. And this isnt just in theory Queen Elisabeth II has even done it in practice. In 1975, she got the Governor-General to dissolve the Labor government in Australia because she found it too left-wing. The monarch can take over the government in circumstances that threaten the state such as a general strike or mass civil unrest and they could even sell the navy and get people put in prison without a jury trial. This is obviously an undemocratic and outdated system. In conclusion the execution of Charles 1st is an inspiration for all fighting to reform the undemocratic British state. After the bloodshed on 30 January 1649, until shortly after Oliver Cromwells death Britain enjoyed a successful 12 year republic, without any Monarchy or House of Lords, a true republic can be achieved. The Monarchy which, with the House of Lords, is supposed to embody our unwritten constitution stands in the way of us having proper rights separate from the state. The creation of a written constitution would help protect those rights that have been increasingly infringed in the recent. With no bill of human rights people of Britain have no statutory line of defence against these oppressive and unrepresentative measures. What is more, it is only through the creation of a social contract can we rebuild a caring civil society, which in my eyes has been lost over the recent decades. Without a shadow of doubt the monarchy is an outdated instition.

Environmentalist Essay

Environmentalist Essay Environmentalist Essay Becerra 1 Victoria Becerra English 091 5/22/2014 Environmentalism In the article â€Å"Is Humanity Suicidal?† E.O. Wilson talks about the dangers in the environment that are posing a threat in the next 60 years. Wilson tries to bring attention to the fact that the ecosystem of the earth is diminishing and human kind plays a large role in the destruction. He explains there are â€Å"two types of viewpoints in the world, exemptionalism and environmentalism† (118). â€Å"An exemptionalist believes that in time the world will save itself and that we are off to a good future† (118). However, an environmentalist believes we are furthering the destruction of our earth and that we need to start saving the world today. Environmentalism has more validity than exemptionalism because we need to preserve the earth for future generations, saving the earth in small amounts can be beneficial to our environment, and the relief felt when knowing that the world is a safer place. To begin, an environmentalist’s main cause i s saving the earth in order for our future generations to live. It is our duty to help this earth since we were born. We have to think about our future children and what they could possibly go through if we do not make change. Our environment is a precious and delicate thing that we must protect and do our best to keep clean and healthy. â€Å" The environment , after all, is where we all meet, where we all have mutual interest.It is one thing that all of us share. It is not only a mirror of ourselves but a focusing lens on what we can become† (Johnson). It is true that we all have one thing in common, the environment, and it should be our responsibility to protect the future human lives and animal Becerra 2 species on this earth. As well as it is in our own best interests to make that the air is clean, the land and water is free of contaminates and toxins and that we strive to maintain environmental conditions that are as close to natural as possible. Often environmentalists are embarrassed and ashamed that there is such a huge mess going on in the ecosystem that humankind has created and that environmentalists feel the need to take initiative and do their part to save the earth. The main concern is to protect the earth and help human beings live in suitable and safe surroundings. Secondly, doing something to help the environment, even if it is small, is better than not doing anything at all. Environmentalists are constantly trying to better the environment and no matter what time of the day they are trying to help. It only makes sense to adopt an attitude such as this one because a polluted and dirty environment can be deadly to humans and present dangers to our human race. For these two reasons alone, the people of the world should work together for a cleaner and healthier planet Earth. After all, by destroying the e nvironment, we destroy ourselves.We can all help with the cause, whether we spend our entire time helping, or start making small changes in our lives to help our earth can make a big difference. â€Å"One individual cannot possibly make a difference it is individual efforts collectively, that makes a noticeable difference- all the difference in the world† (Goodall). Small changes can go a long way if everyone joins in the cause. Also, one thing is certain is that humankind can be selfish at times and believe that in time it will all be fixed. People should discard the attitude that someone else will solve the problem of pollution or leave the problem for the next generation to solve. That way of thinking does more harm

The Origin of Government Involvement in Health Care Delivery in the Un Assignment - 3

The Origin of Government Involvement in Health Care Delivery in the United States - Assignment Example The legislation was passed by the Congress in 1965 that established the Medicare as title 18and Medicaid program as title 19 of the social security act found on page 3. Title 18 that refers to Medicare in the social security act allocated health insurance for the aged and disabled. The social security act amended the Medicare legislation in 1965. It established a health insurance program. It was meant for the aged persons, in order to make up for retirement. It also catered for survivors and covered disability insurance health benefits. This was under title two of the social security act. (pg.6) Another component of the social security act is title 19. This is a federal or a state entitlement program. This one provides financial aid to certain individuals and families who have low income and scarce resources. In 1965 the Medicare program became law. It is regarded as a cooperative venture, whose financial problems are covered for by both federal, and the state government. This includes the District of Columbia and the territories. Their participation was in order to assist the states in providing sensible medical assistance, to particularly needy people. As a result, Medicare became the biggest source of financial support. This covers medical and other health-related services for people who are financially challenged. Title 21 covers the Children Health Insurance Program (CHIP). From March, it is now known as the State Children’s Health Insurance Program. It caters for children from financially challenged families that do not qualify for Medicaid. It was brought into place by the Balanced Budget Act (BBA) of 1997. This is found in (Public Law, 105-33) The term â€Å"managed care† refers to the use of financial incentives and the structure of an organization, in order to reach its objectives. Its purpose is to upsurge efficiency and lessen healthcare budget. Benchmark is a term used to refer to something or a method, which can be used as a means to evaluate and assess the level, or quality of things that are related.     

Is Multiculturalism good for Britain OR How important is the UK Essay

Is Multiculturalism good for Britain OR How important is the UK economy in shaping British society - Essay Example It has been hugely appreciated and encouraged for long, however, in today’s scenario of terrorism, especially after 2001 riots and 7 July bombings in Britain, multiculturalism is highly questioned for its reliability and its continuity as policy in future. There are many concerns but most important highlight is the segregation rather than integration of cultures due to multiculturalism. This paper studies the different perspectives about multiculturalism and its background briefly in order to determine whether it is good for Britain or not. For understanding multiculturalism in Britain it is crucial to define multiculturalism in its simple and genuine meaning as Sivanandan (2006) stated: ‘Multiculturalism simply means cultural diversity, and that diversity can either be a good thing, leading to integration, or a bad thing, leading to separatism. It is the socio-economic context and the country’s policies that determine the direction in which multiculturalism develops.’ In order to decide whether Multiculturalism is good or bad for Britain, it is crucial to understand the beginning of multicultural Britain. Despite the classic definition of Roy Jenkins’, ‘Integration is not a flattening process of assimilation but equal opportunity accompanied by cultural diversity in an atmosphere of mutual tolerance’(cited in Sivanandan 2006) racial discrimination continued to flourish in employment, social services and other areas and mutual tolerance was destabilized by self-interest of politicians who used anti-immigration agenda for getting votes. Cultural diversity is not any of the government’s decree but an expression of unified struggle and a joint fight of people from different communities, faiths, religions and locals. They were Asian, Afro-Caribbean and Whites who achieved unity in diversity which led to the government’s initiative of anti-discrimination legislation in Race Relation Acts of 65, 68 and 76.This was the t rue

Self assignment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Self assignment - Term Paper Example result, I like to come up with new ways of solving problems, and this often calls for innovation, as such I would like to think of myself as an innovative individual. However, sometimes I tend to go overboard and end up making matter worse with my â€Å"innovation† this is because I can get distracted and in my attempt to use new ways ignore old ones which may be better and more convenient. As I grew up, I was an avid reader of books and I often tried to practice some of the ideas I learnt in real life or to improve on them. For example, in junior high school, I along with 3 of my classmates won the annual science prize for coming up with a homemade solar powered lamp and water heater made from locally available materials including old disused solar panels. This attributes can be explained by my IEI, emotional intelligence test which were rated ENTP, this means I am a creative resourceful and broad minded individual quick on his feet and I can think about a wide range of issues objectively. New ideas exited me and I do not shy away from debating on any issue, since I have no inhibitions about offering my opinion accepting criticism or even giving some. In the IIC5 test, it emerged that I am a patient and strategic individual; I can spend hours on end mulling on a problem until I come up with a solution, as a result, I believe in looking for easier ways of carrying out tasks, but I do not cut corners or ignore protocol in for the sake of quick results. This is because to me it was worth taking time and effort to get good final result than to rush over cutting corners only to come up with substandard answers. This is an approach I have tried and tested over the years more so in my studies where I prefer to strategize patiently and always have a contingency plan in case the original one does not work. Despite this, I sometimes procrastinate and self-deceive that I am being patient while in reality am just avoiding to tackle a problem head on especially when I feel

Concepts in Disaster Management

Concepts in Disaster Management CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Broader Views on Disaster Management 2.1.1 Definition of Disaster Disaster has been defined in some different ways. Indeed, there is no precise definition for a disaster (Eshghi Larson, 2008). In complete form, Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) defines disasters as â€Å"A situation or event which overwhelms local capacity, necessitating a request to the national or international level for external assistance, or is recognized as such by a multilateral agency or by at least two sources, such as national, regional or international assistance groups and the media† (Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), 2004). Below et al. (2007) propose â€Å"an accumulation of widespread losses over multiple economic sectors, associated with a natural hazard event, that overwhelms the ability of the affected population to cope† as a definition of a disaster. International Federation on Red Cross and Red Crescent (IFRC) defines a disaster as â€Å"a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses that exceed the communitys or societys ability to c ope using its own resources†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (IFRC, 2008). van Wassenhove (2006) proposes â€Å"a disruption that physically affects a system as a whole and threatens its priorities and goals† as a definition of disaster, while Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC, 2008) defines disaster as â€Å"a serious disruption of the functioning of society, causing widespread human, material or environmental losses which exceed the ability of affected society to cope using only its own resources†, which is similar with Reliefwebs (2008) definition. Emergency Management Australia (EMA, 2008) defines disaster as â€Å"a serious disruption to community life which threatens or causes death or injury in that community and/or damage to property which is beyond the day-today capacity of the prescribed statutory authorities and which requires special mobilization and organization of resources other than those normally available to those authorities†, while emergency is defined as à ¢â‚¬ËœAn event, actual or imminent, which endangers or threatens to endanger life, property or the environment, and which requires a significant and coordinated response. (EMA, 2008). 2.1.2 Disaster Types With a wide variability of disaster definition, it is understandable to have different initial classifications for disasters (Eshghi Larson, 2008; Shaluf 2007a, b). Canadian Disaster Database (2008) categorises disasters into five different types as summarized in Table 1. Table 1. Disaster types (Source: Canadian Disaster Database, 2008) Disaster types Encompasses Biological Epidemic, infestation Geological Earthquake, landslide, tsunami Meteorological and hydrological Cold wave, drought, flood, hail/ thunderstorm, heat wave, hurricane/ typhoon, snow avalanche, storm surges, storm-freezing rain, storm-unspecified/ other, storm-winter, tornado, wildfire Conflict Terrorism, civil unrest Technological Accident-industrial, accident-other, accident-transport, fire, hazardous chemicals van Wassenhove (2006) proposes a metrics (see Table 2) to understand disasters. Table 2. Categorization of disasters based on van Wassenhove (2006) Natural Man-made Sudden-onset Earthquake, hurricane, tornado Terrorist attack, coup detat, chemical leak Slow-onset Famine, drought, poverty Political crisis, refugee crisis In general, Shaluf (2007a, b) categorises disasters into three types: Natural disasters, which are catastrophic events resulting from natural causes such as volcanic eruptions, tornadoes, earthquakes, etc. Man made disasters, which are those catastrophic events that result from human decisions. Hybrid disasters are those disasters that result from both human error and natural forces. In further detail, Shaluf (2007b) breaks down each type of disasters and gives examples and characteristics, as can be seen in Table 3. Table 3. Disaster types, taken from Shaluf (2007b) Disaster type Characteristics Sub-disaster Name of disasters Natural A natural disaster is a natural phenomenon; A natural disaster is an unplanned and socially disruptive event with a sudden and severe disruptive effect; A natural disaster is single event over which no human has control; The impact of natural disaster is localized to a geographical region and specific time period; The consequences of a natural disaster are felt at the place and time of its occurrence; The disaster can be a high-impact disaster (e.g. a flood) that has a greater direct effect on the community over a longer period; Rapid onset disasters include earthquakes, flash floods, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, tsunamis, slow onset disasters, droughts, floods, and epidemics Natural phenomena beneath the earths surface Earthquakes Tsunamis Volcanic eruptions Topographical phenomena Landslides Avalanches Meteorological/ hydrological phenomena Windstorms (Cyclones, typhoons, hurricanes) Tornadoes Hailstorms and snowstorms Sea surges Floods Droughts Heat waves/ could waves Biological phenomena Infestations (locust swarms, mealy bug) Epidemics (cholera, dengue, ebola, malaria, measles, meningitis, yellow fever, HIV/ AIDS, tuberculosis) Man-made Characteristics of socio-technical disasters: A socio-technical disaster is a man-made event; A socio-technical disaster occurs in an organisation due to the interaction between internal factors and external factors; It arises suddenly: when the disaster occurs it does so as a shock; A socio-technical disaster is a complex system of interdependence; The impact of a socio-technical disaster sometimes transcends geographical boundaries and can even have trans-generational effects (e.g. Three Mile Island, Bhopal, Chernobyl); Socio-technical disasters do not always have their worst consequences at the point of occurrence; the worst effects can occur long after the event; Socio-technical disasters are characterized by a low probability/ high consequences event; Sudden-impact disasters (e.g. air/road/rail accident) are usually of short duration and have a limited direct effect on the local community; Socio-technical disasters arise not because of a single factor but of accumulated unnoticed events; Disaster involves management procedures which must be maintained, and management problems must be coped with under the conditions of a major technical emergency involving threats of injury and loss of life; Rapid onset disasters include fires, technological disasters, industrial accidents, and transportation accidents; An inquiry report is required Socio-technical Technological disasters Fire Explotions (munitions explosions, chemical explosions, nuclear explosions, mine explosions) Leakage Toxic release Pollutions (pollution, acid rain, chemical pollution, atmospheric pollution) Structural collapse of physical assets Transportation disasters Air disasters Land disasters Sea disasters Stadia or other public places failures Fire Structural collapse Crowd stampede Production failure Computer system breakdown Distribution of defective products Warfare National Civil war between armed groups in the same country Civil strikes Civil disorder Bomb threats/ terrorist attack Inter-national Conventional war War between two armies from different countries Sieges Blockades Non-conventional war Nuclear Chemical Biological Hybrid The characteristics of a hybrid disaster can be the characteristics of both man-made and natural disasters Natural and man-made events Floods ravage community built on known floodplain Location of residential premises, factories, etc., at the foot of an active volcano, or in an avalanche area Landslides Slightly different from those, EM-DAT (2008a) classifies disasters into three groups: Natural disasters Technological disasters Complex emergencies Regarding its scope in terms of sufferer number and/ or geographic areas affected, Gad-el-Hak (2008) distinguishes disasters into five categories as can be seen in Table 4. Table 4. Disaster scope in terms of number of victims and/ or geographic area affected (Source: Gad-el-Hak, 2008) Scope Category No. of sufferers Geographic areas affected Scope I Small disaster Or Scope II Medium disaster 10-100 persons or 1-10 km2 Scope III Large disaster 100-1,000 persons Or 10-100 km2 Scope IV Enormous disaster 1,000-104 persons Or 100-1,000 km2 Scope V Gargantuan disaster > 104 persons Or > 1,000 km2 While the definition of natural disasters and technological disasters are principally the same as those proposed by Shaluf (2007a, b), complex emergencies need a further exploration. Alballa-Bertrand (see Alballa-Bertrand, 2000) proposes the following definition for a complex humanitarian emergency or, in short, complex emergency: ‘A purposeful and unlikely neutral response, intended mostly to counteract the worse effects of the massive human destitution that derive from an overt political phenomenon, which takes the form of a violent, entrenched and long-lasting factionalist conflict or imposition with ultimate institutional aims. On the other hand, ReliefWeb (2008) defines a complex emergency as â€Å"A multifaceted humanitarian crisis in a country, region or society where there is a total or considerable breakdown of authority resulting from internal or external conflict and which requires a multi-sectoral, international response that goes beyond the mandate or capacity of any single agency and/or the ongoing UN country program. Such emergencies have, in particular, a devastating effect on children and women, and call for a complex range of responses.† While Complex Emergency Database (CE-DAT) (2008) defines complex emergency as all crises characterized by extreme vulnerability that display the following features: There exist the unwillingness or incapability of the government to give effective response, leading call for external assistance; Political oppression or armed conflict; Displacement; Increased mortality. 2.1.3 The Increasing Trend of Disaster Occurrences Lichterman (1999) predicts that the frequency of disasters and their effects seem to be increasing. By reviewing various related published sources from 1900-2005, Eshghi and Larson (2008) confirm Lichtermans prediction. A disaster leads to a severe trouble of society, including extensive human misery and physical loss or damage (Davis Lambert, 2002). Both natural and man-made disasters are likely to raise another five-fold over the next fifty years (from the year 2005) due to environmental degradation, rapid urbanization and the spread of HIV/AIDS in less developed world (Thomas Kopczak, 2005). More than 250 million people in the world are affected by disasters every year (IFRC, 2008). In the sense of natural disasters which are then divided into biological, geophysical, climatological, hydrological, and meteorological disasters -, CRED (see Scheuren et al., 2008) reports that there were 414 natural disaster occurrences (excluding biological disasters) in year 2007 which killed 16 847 persons, affected more than 211 million others and caused over 74.9 US$ billion in economic damages. Until year 2004, over 90 percent of natural disasters occurred in developing countries (United Nations ISDR, 2004). By including biological disasters and regrouping natural disasters into three different categories, as follows: Hydro-meteorological disasters: comprising floods and wave surges, storms, droughts and related disasters (extreme temperatures and forest/scrub fires), and landslides avalanches; Geophysical disasters: earthquakes tsunamis and volcanic eruptions fall into this category; Biological disasters: consisting of epidemics and insect infestations; International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) (2008) provides data which shows that there is an increasing trend on the occurrences of natural disasters from 1900 to 2005, as can be seen in Table 5. Table 5. Distribution of natural disasters: by origin (1900-2005, by decades*) *) 2000-2005, six year period The increasing trends of the occurrences of natural disasters between 1900-June 2008 is also documented in EM-DAT (2008b). Regarding the victims, there were 3,470,162,961 people affected by natural disasters for the period of 1991-2005 with a total of 960,502 deaths. Most of the victims (98.1% of people affected and 92.1% of people killed) were located in developing countries and least-developed countries (IFRC, 2008). 2.1.4 Disaster Management Disaster management also known as emergency management (Reliefweb, 2008) is defined as comprehensive approach and activities to reduce the adverse impacts of disasters (Reliefweb, 2008), while disaster operations could be considered as the set of activities that are performed before, during, and after a disaster which are aimed at preventing loss of human life, reducing its impact on the economy, and returning to a normal situation (Altay Green III, 2006). Using the terminology of disaster relief operations (DRO) as substitute to disaster operations, Pujawan et al. (2009) state that DRO consists of a variety of activities such as assessing demands, acquiring commodities, finding out priorities as well as receiving, classifying, storing, tracing and tracking deliveries. Regarding its phases, disaster management could be divided into four phases (Altay Green III, 2006): disaster mitigation, disaster preparedness, disaster response, and disaster recovery. 2.1.5 The Importance of Logistics in Disaster Management Logistics could be defined as follows (see Sheu, 2007a: 655): â€Å"Logistics is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customers[] requirements at the lowest total cost.† Its system operation consists of network design, information, transportation, inventory, warehousing, material handling, and packaging (see Wu Huang, 2007: 429). There are several Operational Research (OR) techniques utilised in logistics context, including the use of transportation model to determine the location of warehouses and the use of assignment/ allocation model to locate production facilities (Slats et al., 1995: 12), to name a few. In particular, humanitarian logistics could be defined as â€Å"the process of planning, implementing and control ­ling the efficient, cost-effective flow and storage of goods and materials, as well as related information, from point of origin to point of consump ­tion for the purpose of meeting the end beneficiarys requirements† (Thomas Mizushima, January 2005). Similarly, Thomas and Kopczak (2005) define it as â€Å"the process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient, cost-effective flow and storage of goods and materials, as well as related information, from the point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose of alleviating the suffering of vulnerable people†. Whereas Sheu (2007a) proposes ‘‘a process of planning, managing and controlling the efficient flows of relief, information, and services from the points of origin to the points of destination to meet the urgent needs of the affected people under emergency conditions as a definition of emergency logistics. Moreover, disaster relief is usually put aside for sudden upheavals such as natural disasters (earthquakes, avalanches, hurricanes, floods, fires, volcano eruptions, etc.) and very few man-made disasters such as terrorist acts or nuclear disasters (Kovà ¡cs Spens, 2007). Relief itself could be understood as â€Å"assistance and/or intervention during or after disaster to meet the life preservation and basic subsistence needs. It can be of emergency or protracted duration† (Reliefweb, 2008). It has been already generally well-known that logistics play a vital role in emergency management. Sheu (2007a) declares that, due to the possibility of disasters occurrences anytime around the world with huge effects, emergency logistics management had appeared as a worldwide-noticeable subject matter. People which are affected by disasters and are uprooted from their rights for food, housing, livelihood and other means of supporting themselves need the delivery of food, medicine, tents, sanitation equipment, tools and other necessities (Whybark, 2007). The science of logistics and supply chain management is becoming more vital for humanitarians (van Wassenhove, 2006), and â€Å"the subject of disaster management is an absolutely fascinating one that is growing in importance† (van Wassenhove, 2003: 19). Oloruntoba (2005) states that, regarding the Indian Ocean tsunami context, the scale of damage and subsequent response lead to problems of coordination, transportation and dis tribution among responding groups. In other affected areas of the Indian Ocean tsunami, Thomas (summer/fall 2006) reports that, at the 60-day point, regardless of the enormous relief efforts, only 60% of the families reported receiving well-timed and sufficient aid. It is therefore acceptable to conclude that good logistics planning plays an important role to the success of an emergency program (Davis Lambert, 2002: 109). Humanitarian logistics is essential to disaster relief for some reasons (Thomas Kopczak, 2005): It is crucial to the effectiveness and speed of response for main humanitarian programs, such as health, food, shelter, water, and sanitation; It can be one of the most expensive elements of a relief effort as it includes procurement and transportation; Since the logistics department handles tracking of commodities through the supply chain, it is often the repository of data that can be analyzed to offer post-event knowledge. In his paper, McEntire (1999) states that the disaster studies must discover ways to improve the provision of relief after certain catastrophe hits. This statement is in line with Perrys (2007) finding which accentuates the availability of logistician cadres as a key element of disaster response, as part of needs assessment and for procuring, transporting, and distributing the relief provisions. Regarding the relief of the Indian Ocean tsunami, the humanitarian organizations providing those relieves acknowledged that relief can and needs to be faster and more efficient (Thomas, 2005). Together with hurricane â€Å"Katrina† disaster, the Indian Ocean tsunami lead to the gap of â€Å"the inability to connect the aid provided with the aid received† (Thomas, 2005) in spite of the unprecedented giving during those two misfortunes. It is also pointed out by Tolentino Jr. (2007) that the Indian Ocean tsunami has provided the will to radically improve disaster management and pl anning, an issue Trims (2004: 224) research agrees with, in a broader disaster relief context. Furthermore, the development of new technology for track/trace and disaster relief supply chains is proposed as one of ways to improve the delivery of humanitarian relief (Baluch, 2007). In the context of the participation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in worldwide emergencies (e.g. volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, floods, war), Beamon and Kotleba (2006) point out that the capability of an NGOs supply chain and logistics operations directly influences the success of a relief effort. Whereas Pujawan et al. (2009) propose information visibility, coordination, accountability, and professionalism as successful requirements of logistics for DRO. 2.2 Some Previous Works in Logistics Management The following paragraphs will give a short overview on several aspects in logistics management, especially those which are perceived as having relevance with the current research. They include distribution network design problem, location-allocation problem (LAP), vehicle routing problem (VRP), and location-routing problem (LRP), respectively. 2.2.1 Distribution Network Design Problem Citing Chopra (2003), distribution can be seen as â€Å"the steps taken to move and store a product from the supplier stage to a customer stage in the supply chain†. While distribution networks can be defined as â€Å"networks that carry the flow of some commodity or entity, using a routing rule that is intended to be effective and even optimal† (Whittle, 2007), and distribution network itself could be viewed as similar with the terminology producer network (Ambrosino Scutellà  , 2005: 611). Distribution network design problem tackles the issues of optimizing the flows of commodities through an existing distribution network as well as improving the performance of the existing network by selecting the most appropriate setting of the facilities in the network aimed at satisfying the companys goal at one hand and minimising the overall costs at the other hand (Ambrosino Scutellà  , 2005: 611). It involves facility location, transportation and inventory decisions (Ambrosino Scutellà  , 2005: 611). In other words, the aim of distribution network design problem is on deciding the best way of moving goods or products from resource/ supply points to destination/ demand points which is performed by determining the structure of the network, in a such a way that the customer demands are satisfied and the total distribution costs are minimized (Ambrosino et al., 2009: 442). In Amiris (2006: 567-568) paper, distribution network design is stated as involving the simultaneous decis ions on the best settings of both plants and warehouses and on the best strategy in the sense of product distribution from the plants to the warehouses and from the warehouses to the customers, respectively. Meanwhile, the term â€Å"distribution system design† refers to â€Å"the strategic design of the logistics infrastructure and logistics strategy to deliver products from one or more sources to the customers† (Goetschalckx, 2008: 13-1) and similar to Ambrosino et al.s (2009) statement on distribution network design problem focuses on five phases of interconnected decisions, as follows (Goetschalckx, 2008: 13-2): Establishing the appropriate quantity of distribution centers (DCs); Setting up the location of each DC; Allocating customers to each DC; Allocating appropriate commodities to each DC; and Determining the throughput and storage capacity of each DC. Various models and approaches that have been built for designing distribution system or distribution network, to name a few, are (Goetschalckx, 2008: 13-8-13-15; Lapierre et al., 2004): K-median model, location-allocation model, warehouse location model, Geoffrion and Graves distribution system design model, models that focus on mathematical description of cost functions on each route in order to incorporate returns to scale, models of which concentration are in shipments on hub-to-hub routes regarding discounts, and models that aim at solving the freight transportation problem precisely. 2.2.2 Location-Allocation Problem (LAP) As previously stated in Goetschalckx (2008), LAP could be seen as part of distribution network design problems. Given the place of a set of customers with different demands, LAP is concerned with the selection of supply centres positions dedicated for serving the customers as well as the decision of the allocation of the customers to supply centres, with both of them are aimed at optimizing a given criterion (Hsieh Tien, 2004: 1017). It is also assumed that there is no interaction among supply centres. The criterion could be single such as transportation costs (see, for example, Goetschalckx, 2008; Zhou Liu, 2003; Manzini Gebennini, 2008) or it may comprises several aspects (see, for example, Mitropoulos et al., 2006). The following paragraphs provide some previous researches on LAP. The un-capacitated-type LAP with rectilinear distances could be found in Hsieh and Tien (2004). In this paper, the authors propose a heuristic method which is based on Kohonen self-organising feature maps (SOFMs). Sometimes distribution networks are built in hierarchies, where high-level distribution channels are constructed in straight lines from which low-level channels stem. Furthermore, destinations are allocated to branching facilities in high-level channels through low-level channels. Due to cost considerations, the number and locations of branching facilities as well as the allocation of the destinations to the aforementioned branching facilities need to be determined correctly. Eben-Chaime et al.s (2002) paper addresses this type of problem by formulating appropriate mathematical optimisation models and subsequently proposing heuristic solution methods. Capacitated LAP with stochastic demands is addressed by Zhou and Liu (2003). More specifically, they propose three types of stochastic programming models: (1) expected value model (EVM), (2) chance-constrained programming (CCP), and (3) dependent-chance programming (DCP). To solve these models efficiently, the authors develop a hybrid intelligent algorithm within which three type stochastic simulations are used. The proposed algorithm integrates the network simplex algorithm, stochastic simulation and genetic algorithm. In more recent paper, Zhou and Liu (2007) address the LAP with fuzzy demands by developing three types of fuzzy programming models fuzzy expected cost minimisation model, fuzzy -cost minimisation model, and credibility maximisation model with respect to different decision criterion. To solve these models, the authors apply a hybrid intelligent algorithm developed previously (see Zhou and Liu, 2003). Nonetheless, instead of using stochastic simulations, they are developing and employing fuzzy simulations. Similar with the abovementioned paper, Wen and Imamura (2008) also address LAP with fuzzy demands. For this type of problem, they build a fuzzy -cost model under the Hurwicz criterion. The problem is subsequently solved using the same algorithm as in Zhou and Liu (2007). The establishment of mixed integer programming optimisation models for multi-period, multi-stage LAPs could be found in Manzini and Gebennini (2008). In their paper, the authors develop optimisation models each for the following classes of multi-period, multi-stage LAPs: (1) single-commodity, multi-period, two-stage LAPs, (2) multi-commodity, multi-period, two-stage LAPs, (3) single-commodity, multi-period, two-stage open/ closed LAPs, and single-commodity, multi-period, three-stage LAPs. The application of various search methods to a generalised class of LAPs known as multi-facility location problem with generalised objects (MFLPO) is presented by Bischoff and Dà ¤chert (2009). The end of the paper gives comparison of the involved search methods for various sizes of test problem. Research on LAP in health service context could be found in Harper et al. (2005) and Mitropoulos et al. (2006). The former addresses the need to plan health services which takes geographical aspects into consideration. The problem is formulated as a stochastic LAP. The latter paper, on the other hand, develops a bi-objective model to solve the LAP arise in determining the location of hospitals and health centres and the allocation of the patients to those facilities. 2.2.3 Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) In its most basic form (e.g. Bulbul et al., 2008; Laporte, 2007), VRP is concerned with the optimal delivery or collection routes for a limited number of identical vehicles with limited capacities from a central depot/ warehouse to a set of geographically scattered customers. It assumes that the vehicles are at the central depot/ warehouse initially. It also requires the existence of the routes that connect the central depot/ warehouse to customers and customers to customers as well. In this type of VRP, a route must start and finish at the depot and a customer is visited by exactly one vehicle. The total demand of customers served by one vehicle could not exceed the vehicles capacity, and the ultimate goal is to minimise the total routing costs. Since its introduction by Dantzig and Ramser in 1959 (Bulbul et al., 2008), it has given rise to a rich body of works (Laporte, 2007). In 2008, searching the words vehicle routing problem by using Google scholar search results more than 21,700 entries (Golden et al. (eds), 2008). Laportes (1992) paper provides various exact methods and heuristics developed to solve the VRP. Several meta-heuristics intended to solve the classical VRP could be traced from his more recent paper (2007), while Toth and Vigos (2002) paper presents various existing exact algorithms for the solution of classical VRP. The comparison of descent heuristics, simulated annealing, and tabu search in solving VRP is addressed by Van Breedam (2001). Jozefowiez et al. (2008), on the other hand, give a survey on works that have been carried out on multi-objective VRP. A range of VRP variants can be seen in Crainic and Laporte (eds., 1998), Bulbul et al. (2008), and Golden et al. (eds., 2008). Other variants also exist: VRP with stochastic demands and VRP with backhaul. Different classification of VRP could be found in Pisinger and Ropkes (2007) paper. The following sub-sections mention examples of works on some of them, while new directions in modelling and algorithms for various types of LRP could be found in Part II of Golden et al.s (eds., 2008) edited book. 2.2.3.1 VRP with Time Windows In this type of VRP, customer i may only be visited within a time window [ai, bi] (see, e.g., Kontoravdis Bard, 1995; Badeau et al., 1997; Bouthillier Crainic, 2005; Fà ¼genschuh, 2006; Hsu et al., 2007; Kim, et al., 2006; Dondo Cerdà ¡, 2007; Kallehauge et al., 2007). 2.2.3.2 VRP with Pickup and Delivery When the vehicles need to deliver commodities to customers and collect items for example, defective products from them as well, then this is called a VRP with pickup and deliveries. Research papers by Nagy Salhi (2005), Wassan et al. (2008), Wassan et al. (2008), Gribkovskaia et al. (2008), Hoff et al. (2009), and Ai Kachitvichyanukul (2009) are several examples on it. 2.2.3.3 VRP with Backhaul In this type of VRP, the customers are separated into two mutually exclusive subsets so that the first subset of customers receives commodities whereas the second one sends back the products. Additionally, the second subset of customers are only served after the first one. The first subset is called line-haul customers and the second one is named backhaul customers. The f

welfare :: essays research papers

Images of Welfare   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the republic for which it stands: one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These words are uttered in elementary schools, high schools, and various events and meetings throughout the nation everyday. We usually do not associate the image of welfare with the American flag or think about it as we recite the allegiance. We, however, associate it with images of prosperity and freedom. As I look closely at the last words of this allegiance: â€Å"†¦with liberty and justice for all.† I remember the number of homeless who beg in the streets, those who for one reason or another await assistance in the social services office, and those who because of the color of their skin or gender association have yet to receive their share of benefits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Webster’s dictionary, welfare means â€Å"Well-doing or well-being in any respect; the enjoyment of health and the common blessings of life; exemption from any evil or calamity; prosperity; happiness.† Before taking classes such as this, my connotation of welfare was totally opposite. Welfare always meant something bad. When I heard the word ‘welfare’ I pictured a homeless person or an immigrant who’s only dream was a better life, but found it was not as easy as it seemed. When I heard about someone on welfare I was quick to jump to conclusions. I’d assume he or she was lazy and just didn’t want to work or that he or she was in some sort of trouble. Looking at Webster’s meaning I notice the words â€Å"respect† and â€Å"the common blessing of life.† I have come to realize those on welfare are people too and deserve the respect everybody else does. They may have come upon hard times or made a mistake or two, but because of the prejudice and stereotypes of others, find themselves stuck in a position where all they have is their â€Å"common blessing of life.

How to Control an Over Population Country

In the late 1960s and early 1970s some environmentalists began making a sensational claim. The world†s ever increasing population, they claimed, would soon outstrip the planet†s limited resources leading to an environmental disaster. In these doom and gloom scenarios, a massive worldwide famine was just around the corner. The number of people would keep increasing while the amount of food available would stay the same or even decline. The result, the experts argued, was famine by the early 1980s at the latest. The only way to decrease the severity of the impending disaster was to adopt strict policies to control population. There will soon be 6 billion human beings on Earth: according to the latest population estimates released by the United Nations. At this rate, the world population is doubling every 40 years. On October 12, 1999 the world's population will reach 6,000,000,000 people. The overpopulation is a very vast subject, but my assignment will only explain the three major points of the overpopulation. The biggest concern of human beings is the decreasing rate of resources, as the years go by, resources are on a constant decline. Which means in a couple of years, if the population continuous to increase, are resources will disappear in a short term of time. Also, I will try to explain the reasons why this subject became what it is now . Why did did the population increase so much in the past decades, will be answered. And finally, will be looking at solutions to solve this problem in ethical and unethical ways. If everyone on the planet today would adopt a North American lifestyle, natural resources would quickly disappear. Luckily most nations are still careful. They will need to remain so while improving their standard of living. It will be necessary that others in wealthy nations curb their consumption and wastes. Our survival depends on population control as well as a better management of natural resources. Being limited in quantity, natural resources need to be managed accordingly. A new management of the planet's resources has to be planned. In spite of the population increase, famines have become less frequent in the past two hundred years, thanks to phenomenal agricultural yields, and global economy. In the last few years several African countries have been affected by famine. The causes were all due to political problems, including civil wars, that disorganize the economy, paralyze transportation, and prevent emergency food drops to reach their destination. Famine is no longer due to a global food shortage. Everyone's probably heard predictions that the world is going to run out of some essential resource. From copper to oil to food to hundreds of other things human beings use, â€Å"experts† like to come along and predict the imminent exhaustion of resources. The last two centuries have proven not only these individuals, but the very models underlining scarcity of resources, to be wrong. For example, food. Several times over the last 40 years so called â€Å"experts† predicted global famine because increases in food production couldn't possibly keep up with population growth. Thankfully, they were wrong. The best indications today are that food production will continue to outpace population growth for the foreseeable future statistics say. A other example is oil. Predictions of the world using up all its oil have been around for at least 70 years. They reached their peak in the 1970s with the oil crisis brought on by the Oil and Petroleum Exporting Countries' attempt to raise oil prices by voluntarily limiting supply . As the price rises, however, the quantity demanded by consumers decreases. As the price of gasoline increases, for example, consumers will tend to purchase more fuel efficient automobiles or find automobiles which use fuel sources not dependent on oil. This does not require any great leap in technology; there are already numerous alternatives to oil which would become economically feasible if the price of oil ever jumped significantly. Natural gas, for example, is likely to replace oil as the primary source of energy for the future sometime in the next century. In 1994 one of every two people lived in the city, while only one in ten did so in 1900. For hundreds of thousands of years the human population was growing at a low but steadily increasing rate. Then in less than 200 years, the world population went from 1 billion to 6 billion people. Why? Because the balance between birth and death has been broken. The recent global population growth is not the consequence of ncreased birth rates but of an unprecedented decrease in death rate. The 20th century has resulted in victory over famine-related and infant mortality, as well as significant advances in public health and medicine. In the world, five women give birth every second. UN projections show that, in the next 50 years, family planning would be widely used all over the world and birth rate would become universally low. Simultaneously, average life expectancy would reach at least 70 years. Population growth would then start to slow down until it stabilized around the end of the next century. A century from now the world population will probably reach 10 to 15 billion people. Will the world be a nice place to live in? Specialists have mixed opinions. Optimists think that the planet can accommodate a much larger population. Others, more pessimistic, predict catastrophes before ever reaching this number. Researchers have looked for years to find solutions to fight the the overpopulation, but we can†t just except any solutions. Governments can†t just tell the population to stop giving birth, it would be a horrifying reaction from is people. Here are some solutions from researchers that are ethical and unethical. In some countries, particularly Africa, the AIDS epidemic has reached devastating proportions. In the most affected country, Zambia, nearly one in five women of childbearing age is infected. The death rate has already increased by 50%. Eventhough mortality has increased, it has remained less than the birthrate and the population has not decreased. No other country has seen its population decrease because of the AIDS virus, and there is little chance for this to ever happen. There are, however, serious problems concerning the distribution of the earth's goods. But this poor distribution is the result of sin, not overpopulation. Many of the world's calamities and starvation problems are caused by political corruption within Third World countries and a lack of generosity on the part of those individuals and nations with greater abundance. With modern agricultural equipment, adequate food storage facilities, and technology to ensure clean drinking water, Third World countries like India could make great strides in becoming self-sufficient; and developed countries like the United States could help provide these improvements. Many people who support abortion claim overpopulation as a major reason why abortion is not only a right, but a necessity. They claim that because of the enormous amount of people in the world, if all mothers kept their children within their womb, there would not be enough land and food to provide for them. But is this a ethical way of solving problems†¦ Overpopulation is the root cause of all environmental deterioration. Global warming, the ozone hole, rain forest destruction, desertification and all kinds of pollution, weather breakdown, and natural disasters are only signs of this already deadly monster. Population grows exponentially. That is, each generation is a little bigger than the generation before, and so more people have more children, and the next generation is bigger yet. Population grows faster and faster. On the other hand, food production is limited by available farmland, water for irrigation, and so on, and so cannot grow without limit. Food production grows more and more slowly. Therefore, it inevitably follows that as population continues to grow faster while food production grows more slowly, sooner or later population will outstrip food supply, and it just will not be possible to feed all the people. Human societies will always face significant challenges and problems to overcome. New diseases will almost certainly emerge over the next century, as they have ever since human beings began living in large groups. Technological upheaval and change will be the rule rather than the exception. But provided that democracy and freedom continue to spread around the globe, albeit at a sometimes incredibly slow pace, we should expect the 21st century to be a much better place to live to the same degree that the 20th century has been immeasurably better for humans than the 19th century was.

Life Of Theodora EffectÑ On Theatre

Life Of Theodora EffectÃ'• On Theatre Free Online Research Papers Theodora, of Greek Cypriot de?cent,[4] wa? born a? aerted by ?ome hi?torian? on the i?le of Crete in Greece, but other one? regi?ter her birthplace a? ?yria. Nicephoru? Calli?tu? Xanthopoulo? title? Theodora a native of Cypru?. Patria, attributed to George Codinu?, aertion? Theodora came from Paphlagonia. The Patria aertion? ?he wa? ?ub?equent engaged in Con?tantinople, ?pinning wool. Michael the ?yrian, the Chronicle of 1234 and Bar-Hebraeu? location her ?ource in the town of Daman, be?ide Kalliniko?, ?yria. They contradict Procopiu? by making Theodora the female child of a accept trainer, taught in the piou? practice? of Miaphy?iti?m ?ince birth. ?he wa? pre?ented to Ju?tinian throughout one of hi? vi?it? to the to the ea?t province? and ?ub?equent married. The?e are Miaphy?ite cau?e? and record her portrayal amid?t con?tituent? of their creed. The Miaphy?ite? have tended to con?ider Theodora a? one of their own and the cu?tom m ay have been created a? a way to advance her reputation. The?e anecdote? are generally di?regarded ?upportive Procopiu?. Theodora had a aeed effect on theatre, ?upplementing an component of orientali?m in enhancing the propo?al to the imperial per?on. ?he furthermore aerted on the Empre obtaining the identical ?alute a? the Emperor from tho?e who came to the theatre. ?he wa? evidently the fir?t Empre to do ?o. According to Procopiu?, Among the innovation? of Ju?tinian and Theodora in the management of the Government there i? furthermore the following. In very vintage time? the ?enate, a? it came into the Emperor? occurrence, wa? u?ed to do obei?ance in the following manner. Any man of patrician grade ?aluted him on the right brea?t. And the Emperor would ki him on the head and then bru?h a?ide him; but all remainder fir?t angled the right knee to the Emperor and then withdrew. The Empre, although, it wa? not at all cu?tomary to ?alute. But in the ca?e of Ju?tinian and Theodora, all the other con?tituent? of the ?enate and tho?e a? well who held the grade of Patrician?, when they went into into their oc currence, would pro?trate them?elve? to the floor, flat on their face?, and retaining their hand? and feet extended far out they would feel with their lip? one ba?e of each before ri?ing.For even Theodora wa? not di?po?ed to forego thi? te?timony to her dignity, ?he who acted on a? though the Roman Empire lay at her feet, but wa? by no mean? aver?e to obtaining even the ambaador? of the Per?ian? and of the other barbarian? and to be?towing upon them pre?ent? of ca?h, a thing which had not ever occurred ?ince the ?tarting of time. And while in previou? time? tho?e who came to upon the Emperor utili?ed ea?ily to call him Emperor and hi? con?ort Empre, and utili?ed to addre each one of the other magi?trate? in agreement with hi? ?tanding at the in?tant, yet if any individual ?hould go in into dialogue with either one of the?e two and ?hould u?e the phra?e? Emperor are Empre and go incorrect to call them Ma?ter or Mi?tre, or ?hould undertake to u?e any other phra?e but ?lave? in mention ing to any of the magi?trate?, ?uch a individual would be accounted both fooli?h and too free of tongue, and, a? though he had erred mo?t grievou?ly and had treated with whole indignity tho?e who he ?hould by no mean? have ?o treated, would depart the imperial pre?ence. And while in previou? time? very couple of individual? went into the Palace, and that too with adver?ity, yet ?ince the time when the?e did well to the throne, both magi?trate? and all other one? ?imultaneou?ly ?tayed certainly in the Palace. And the cau?e wa? that in the vintage day? the magi?trate? were allowed to do what wa? ju?t and lawful a? aerted by their own judgment. Hence the magi?trate?, being u?ed by with their own admini?trative enterpri?e, utili?ed to ?tay in their own lodging?, and the topic? of the Emperor, ?ince they neither glimp?ed neither perceived of any proceed of aggreion, bothered him, a? wa? to be anticipated, very little. But the?e ruler?, habitually drawing all affair? into their own hand? to the wreck of their topic?, compelled everyone to promenade attendance upon them in mo?t ?ervile fa?hion; and it wa? likely to glimp?e, virtually every day, all the law-theatre?, on the one hand, for the mo?t part empty, but at the Emperor? Theatre, on the oppo?ing, one would find gathering? and in?olence and ?trong impelling and all the time not anything but ?ervility. And tho?e who were pre?umed to be intimate with the regal two, ?tanding there relentlely the whole day and frequently throughout the larger piece of the evening, being without doze and without nouri?hment at the common hour?, were fini?hed to death, and thi? wa? all that their appearing good trea?ure amounted to. And when at extent they were ?et free from all thi?, the poor young individual? would quarrel with each other over the inquiry of what had become of the ca?h of the Roman?. For while ?ome ?u?tained that it wa? all in the owner?hip of the barbarian?, other one? ?aid that the Emperor kept it clo?e up in a large number of exceptional room?. ?o when Ju?tinian either, if he i? a man, goe? away thi? life, or, a? being the Lord of the bad ?pirit?, lay? hi? life apart, all who have the trea?ure to have endured to that time will under?tand the truth. Garland point? that for all the accu?ation? again?t Theodora encompaed in the ?ecret Hi?tory, there i? one miing. There i? no mention of her being unfaithful to Ju?tinian. Procopiu? plea?ure? in recounting how hi? other very well liked feminine goal, Antonina, cuckolded Beli?ariu?. He continue? quiet on Theodora. In?tead he mention? her own activitie? to contradict the only rumor in relative to her commitment that i? cited in the whole work. And at one time a doubt originated that Theodora wa? ?mitten with love of one of the dome?tic?, Areobindu? by title, a man of barbarian lineage but withal hand?ome and juvenile, who ?he her?elf had, a? it chanced, nominated to be ?teward; ?o ?he, de?iring to battle the a?cribe, though they ?tate that ?he did love the man de?pairingly, determined for the in?tant to maltreat him mo?t callou?ly for no genuine origin, and after we knew not anything at all about the man, neither ha? any individual glimp?ed him to thi? day. A repetitive accu?ation of Procopiu? wa? that Theodora treated grave affair? a? topic? of ridicule. However Garland documented the demon?tration? he cite? do not appear all that ?eriou?. Indeed ?he furthermore made it her enterpri?e, when it appeared be?t to her, to change even the mo?t grave affair? to an event for buffoonery, a? though ?he were on the ?tage in the theatre. And on a certain event one of the patrician?, an vintage man who had expended a long time in agency - who?e title I will by no mean? mention, though I under?tand it well, that I may not indefinitely extend the di?grace which dropped upon him - being incapable to aemble a liability from one of the Empre dome?tic? who wa? obliged him a large addition, a?ked to her in alignment to lay a a?cribe again?t the man who had made a agreement with him and to entreat her to aid him to get ju?tice. But Theodora, di?covering of hi? rea?on in accelerate, in?tructed the eunuch? that when the patrician came before her, they ?ho uld all ?tand about him in a around and ?hould hear attentively to her a? ?he talked, propo?ing to them what phra?e? they ?hould ?tate in the kind of a re?pon?e. And when the patrician went into the women? quarter?, he did hi? obei?ance before her in the cu?tomary kind, and with a face that appeared ?tained with tear?, ?aid, Mi?tre, it i? a grievou? thing for a man of patrician grade to be in need of money. For that which in the ca?e of other men call? forward forgivene and compaion i? accounted outrageou? in men of my rank. For in the ca?e of any other man in farthe?t de?titution, it i? likely, ea?ily by aerting thi? detail to hi? creditor?, to get away ?traightway from the humilitation, but if a man of patrician grade ?hould not have the mean? to rendezvou? hi? obligation? to hi? creditor?, mo?t expected he would be embarraed to mention it, but if he did mention it, he would not ever be accepted, ?ince all men would ?eem that it i? not a likely thing for ?carcity to be a hou?emate of a man of thi? cla. But if he doe? win conviction, it will drop to hi? allotment to bear the mo?t ?hameful and cau?ing angui?h affliction of all [?ocial di?grace]. Now, my Mi?tre, I do have economic relative? with men, ?ome of who have lent their matter to me, and ?ome have ?crounged from me. A? for my creditor?, who mo?t per?i?tently dog my ?tep?, I am incapable through the di?grace correct to my place to put them off, while a? for tho?e who are in liability to me, ?ince they occur not to be patrician?, they take refuge in certain inhuman excu?e?. Therefore I entreat and ?upplicate and plead you to aid me in getting my privilege? and in getting away from my pre?ent ill?. ?o he ?poke. And the woman an?wered, in ?ing-?ong, O Patrician ?o-and ?o (naming him), and the choru? of eunuch?, catching up the damage, ?aid re?pon?ively, It? a large hernia you have! And when the man afre?h made ?upplication and uttered phra?e? re?embling what he had ?aid before, the woman an?wered afre?h in the identical damage and the choru? chanted the an?wer, until the poor wretch in de?pair made hi? obei?ance in the cu?tomary kind and going away thence went home. Garland remark? that the view took location in the relation ?eclu?ion of the women? theatreer? where Theodora could fall the imperial ritual gravity and enli?t in per?onal joke?. Procopiu? other demon?tration of mocking grave affair? anxietie? the wedding ceremony of two ari?tocratic girl?. There were two young women in Byzantium who were ?i?ter?; they were not only the off?pring of a con?ular dad and of three generation? of Con?ul?, but drew their lineage from men who from i?olated time? were of the foremo?t body-fluid of the entire ?enate. The?e had before went into into wedding ceremony, but it had arrive about by the death of their hu?band? that they became widow?. And directly Theodora cho?en two men - men who were not only of the wide?pread herd, but furthermore appalling young individual? - and made it her enterpri?e to friend them with the women, who ?he a?cribed with dwelling uncha?te live?. And they, fearing le?t thi? be conveyed to overtake, e?caped into the Church of ?ophia, and approaching into the holy bapti?mal ?leeping room, they grabbed with their hand? the font which i? there. But the Empre Theodora impo?ed upon them ?uch dire con?traint a nd pain that in their yearn to get away the?e angui?h they became keen ?ufficient to accept the wedding ceremony in location of them. Thu? for her no location ?tayed undefiled or inviolate. ?o the?e women, again?t their will?, were joined in wedding ceremony to men who were beggar? and outca?t?, much under them in ?tanding, wherea? noble ?uitor? were at hand for them. And their mother, who furthermore had become a widow, not challenging to groan or to bawl out at the calamity, came to the betrothal. But ?ub?equent Theodora, by way of expiating the ?candal, determined to con?ole them at the total co?t of public mi?fortune?. For ?he nominated both of the men magi?trate?. But no ?olace came to the young women even ?o, and angui?h incurable and intolerable dropped from the hand? of the?e men upon virtually all their ?ubordinate?. Garland point? that there i? a wide?pread denominator in both occurrence?, impo?ing mock on con?tituent? of the ari?tocracy. ?he propo?e? Theodora might have b een impo?ing repri?al again?t the preten?e? of an ari?tocratic cla which looked down on the low-born empre. Procopiu? eventually narrate? that Theodora ?pend much of the year in the palace of Herion on the on the A?iatic ?ea?hore of the Bo?poru?. ?he dwelled the utmo?t part of the year in the ?uburb? on the ?horeline, and e?pecially in the location called Herion, and con?equently the large retinue of ai?tant? were grievou?ly afflicted. For they had a ?cant provide of provi?ion? and they were revealed to the hazard? of the ocean, e?pecially when a gale came down, a? often occurred, or when the whale made a fall ?omewhere in the neighbourhood. The whale cited wa? Porphyrion, haraing the boat? in the water? of the Bo?poru? for a time ?pan of fifty year? in the 6th century. Procopiu? pre?ent? a more comprehen?ive account of it in The War?. Reference? Diehl, Charle?. Theodora, Empre of Byzantium ((c) 1972 by Frederick Ungar Publi?hing, Inc., tran?l. by ?.R. Ro?enbaum from the original French Theodora, Imperatice de Byzance). Popular account ba?ed on the author? exten?ive ?cholarly re?earch. Gibbon, Edward. The Hi?tory of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. (?ee volume 4, chapter 40 for Gibbon? account of Theodora.) Grave?, Robert. Count Beli?ariu?. (A hi?torical novel by the author of I, Claudiu? which feature? Theodora a? a character.) Bury, J. B. The Later Roman Empire. (Volume 2 deal? with the reign of Ju?tinian and Theodora) Research Papers on Life Of Theodora EffectÃ'• On TheatreLifes What IfsQuebec and CanadaThe Hockey GameWhere Wild and West MeetNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NicePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThree Concepts of PsychodynamicHip-Hop is Art