Business to Business vs Business to Consumer Sites

Ethical, legal and regulatory issues of Business to Business (B2B) sites are quite similar to Business to Consumer (B2C) sites. The only difference is that the costumer is either a company or just an average Joe consumer. If he/she/it is a victim of a scam, false ad or leaking of valuable information, then the only result is loss of customer or possible revenue for the business. Rules governing online business differ from place to place so fraud is quite common on the online world. B2C web sites are about publicity, but B2B is often unmentioned because it is always in the background.Here we will look at the issues governing both web sites. It is important to take note that the ethical, legal and regulatory issues overlap or connect with each other. Ethical Since the boom of the Internet, ethics became very important online. Ethical issues in B2B sites deal with information about their companies and transactions they had. Ethics in this situation is very important. Sharing information about one’s company to another is unethical since it could be used by other companies against the company itself.Since the transactions had been done online one of the companies involved in the transaction could post the information about the transactions. The information posted could be virtually impossible to trace back to a company. Codes of ethics was developed to protect both parties. While on B2C sites, the issue is the privacy of the consumer. Not every consumer wants his name being advertised on web pages without his permission. For example, a famous artist bought an item over the net. Consequently, the company had his personal information since most of them require it. And the company posts his name as their customer.Then at that instant the famous artist became their endorser. But the privacy issue applies in both B2B and B2C sites. New technologies have emerged and these have impacts on the lives of consumers and businesses. Security and privacy become significant for the protection of both businesses and consumers. Anyone can post advertisements, unethical and illegal marketing and Ebusiness email scams that it is hard to determine who to trust online. For the most part, the participant’s ethics are set forth by ethical codes developed by international governing bodies which protect both parties.Legal Legal issues concerning B2C sites include copywriting and publishing. Libel can have bad implications if negative or defamatory articles were published about people and companies on other websites. Information must be fully researched before posting. Intellectual property rights should also be observed to prevent from any legal damages. Copyright infringements in both B2B and B2B websites should be avoided since this will affect the credibility of the websites and their relationship with the consumers or businesses. Only factual information should be posted.Before publishing anything, the web site must get permission first from the clie nts. Scams also have bad legal implications for the websites. They can be sued for publishing information that is incorrect or malicious. Both B2B and B2C sites should avoid money making scams. Identity theft, as well as Internet frauds in B2C sites will result to major problems. Moreover, if webmasters do unethical alterations in a clients web site, it will result to long lasting negative consequences for the business and for the client. This may urge clients to take legal action that may be harmful to the life of the B2C sites.Another area where B2B and B2C sites differ is on revealing trade secrets or intellectual property. Violation will only occur if an employee leaked information or sold it to a competitor. But unless a consumer invented or patented a product and was taken advantage of by a business, any statement saying that revealing or selling intellectual property will not apply here. Regulatory Regulations of B2B and B2C sites vary from state to state. Regulatory issues c oncerning B2B sites include activities which look into regulating the site.Since these sites post advertisements or pop-ups about their businesses, regulation must be observed so that only pop-ups of the business or company appear. The traffic of information is also regulated so that clients are not lost when they navigate these web sites. Regulations also play an important role to keep everything on track. B2C sites, on the other hand, also see regulation as important. Oftentimes, other companies post their ads on the sites of their competitors, thus attracting the consumers to visit and maybe try their services. This is stealing of customers, which is also an ethical and legal issue.Through regulation, this kind of situation can be prevented. Other regulatory issues involved include regulations on electronic, e-commerce, credit/cash policies, international trade, tariffs, privacy, digital media offers and security. REFERENCES Franz, Nora. (28 March 2006). Consumers: Beware of Onli ne â€Å"Freebie† Scams, Including Magazine Subscriptions Ethics in Question for Online Businesses Offering Freebies. Warholic, James A. Importance of Ethics on the Internet. Warholic, james A. Internet Marketing B2B vs B2C Comparisons for the Twenty-First Century.

Physical Sciene Exam Paper March 2012 Grade 12

GRAAD 12 NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 PHYSICAL SCIENCES: PHYSICS (P1) FEBRUARY/MARCH 2012 MARKS: 150 TIME: 3 hours This question paper consists of 16 pages and 3 data sheets. Copyright reserved Please turn over Physical Sciences/P1 2 NSC DBE/Feb. –Mar. 2012 INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION 1. 2. 3. Write your centre number and examination number in the appropriate spaces on the ANSWER BOOK. Answer ALL the questions in the ANSWER BOOK. This question paper consists of TWO sections: SECTION A (25) SECTION B (125) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. You may use a non-programmable calculator.You may use appropriate mathematical instruments. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this question paper. YOU ARE ADVISED TO USE THE ATTACHED DATA SHEETS. Give brief motivations, discussions, et cetera where required. Round off your final numerical answers to a minimum of TWO decimal places. Copyright reserved Please turn over Physical Sciences/P1 3 NSC DBE/Feb. –Ma r. 2012 SECTION A QUESTION 1: ONE-WORD ITEMS Give ONE word/term for each of the following descriptions. Write only the word/term next to the question number (1. 1–1. 5) in the ANSWER BOOK. 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. The type of energy an object has due to its motion The phenomenon which occurs when two light waves meet at a given point The unit of measurement of electrical resistance The basic principle on which electric generators function The type of line spectrum observed when electrons in an atom move from the excited state to the ground state (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) [5] QUESTION 2: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS Four options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Each question has only ONE correct answer. Write only the letter (A–D) next to the question number (2. 1–2. 10) in the ANSWER BOOK. 2. A car of mass m collides head-on with a truck of mass 2m. If the car exerts a force of magnitude F on the truck during the collision, the magnitude of the force that the truck exerts on the car is †¦ A B C D 1 F 2 F 2F 4F (2) 2. 2 An object moves in a straight line on a ROUGH horizontal surface. If the net work done on the object is zero, then †¦ A B C D the object has zero kinetic energy. the object moves at constant speed. the object moves at constant acceleration. there is no frictional force acting on the object. (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over Physical Sciences/P1 4 NSC DBE/Feb. –Mar. 2012 2. 3A ball is released from rest from a certain height above the floor and bounces off the floor a number of times. Ignore the effects of air resistance. Which ONE of the following velocity-time graphs best represents the motion of the ball? A velocity (m ·s ) -1 B velocity (m ·s ) -1 time (s) time (s) C velocity (m ·s ) -1 D velocity (m ·s ) -1 time (s) time (s) (2) 2. 4 The diagram below shows plane water waves that spread out after passing through a single slit. barrier with single slit plane water waves The wave phenomenon observed after the water waves pass through the slit is †¦ A B C D reflection. diffraction. efraction. photoelectric effect. (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over Physical Sciences/P1 5 NSC DBE/Feb. –Mar. 2012 2. 5 Monochromatic light from a point source passes through a device X. A pattern is observed on a screen, as shown in the diagram below. Key: Colour band Dark band monochromatic light source X From the observation on the screen, it can be concluded that device X is a †¦ A B C D 2. 6 prism. single slit. double slit. concave lens. (2) In the circuit diagram below, the internal resistance of the battery and the resistance of the conducting wires are negligible. The emf of the battery is E. E A V 2R R SWhen switch S is closed, the reading on voltmeter V, in volts, is †¦ A B C D 0 1 E 3 2 E 3 E screen (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over Physical Sciences/P1 6 NSC DBE/Feb. –Mar. 2012 2. 7 Two identical small metal spheres on insula ted stands carry equal charges and are a distance d apart. Each sphere experiences an electrostatic force of magnitude F. The spheres are now placed a distance 1 2 d apart. The magnitude of the electrostatic force each sphere now experiences is †¦ A B C D 2. 8 1 2 F F 2F 4F (2) A fully charged capacitor is connected in a circuit, as shown below. The capacitor discharges when switch S is closed.R S V Which ONE of the following graphs correctly shows the change in the voltmeter reading with time when switch S is closed? potential difference (V) potential difference (V) A B time (s) time (s) potential difference (V) potential difference (V) C D time (s) time (s) Please turn over (2) Copyright reserved Physical Sciences/P1 7 NSC DBE/Feb. –Mar. 2012 2. 9 When light shines on a metal plate in a photocell, electrons are emitted. The graph below shows the relationship between the kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons and the frequency of the incoming light. D kinetic ener gy (J) 0 A B C requency (Hz) Which ONE of the points (A, B, C or D) on the graph represents the threshold frequency? A B C D 2. 10 A B C D (2) Overexposure to sunlight causes damage to plants and crops. Which ONE of the following types of electromagnetic radiation is responsible for this damage? A B C D Ultraviolet rays Radio waves Visible light X-rays (2) [20] TOTAL SECTION A: 25 Copyright reserved Please turn over Physical Sciences/P1 8 NSC DBE/Feb. –Mar. 2012 SECTION B INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION 1. 2. 3. 4. Start EACH question on a NEW page. Leave ONE line between two subquestions, for example between QUESTION 3. and QUESTION 3. 2. Show the formulae and substitutions in ALL calculations. Round off your final numerical answers to a minimum of TWO decimal places. QUESTION 3 (Start on a new page. ) A stone is thrown vertically upward at a velocity of 10 m ·s-1 from the top of a tower of height 50 m. After some time the stone passes the edge of the tower and strikes the gr ound below the tower. Ignore the effects of friction. vi = 10 m ·s-1 1,5 m 50 m y1 3. 1 3. 2 Draw a labelled free-body diagram showing the force(s) acting on the stone during its motion. Calculate the: 3. 2. 1 3. 2. Time taken by the stone to reach its maximum height above the ground Maximum height that the stone reaches above the ground (1) (4) (4) (3) 3. 3 3. 4 USING THE GROUND AS REFERENCE (zero position), sketch a positiontime graph for the entire motion of the stone. On its way down, the stone takes 0,1 s to pass a window of length 1,5 m, as shown in the diagram above. Calculate the distance (y1) from the top of the window to the ground. (7) [19] Copyright reserved Please turn over Physical Sciences/P1 9 NSC DBE/Feb. –Mar. 2012 QUESTION 4 (Start on a new page. ) The bounce of a cricket ball is tested before it is used.The standard test is to drop a ball from a certain height onto a hard surface and then measure how high it bounces. During such a test, a cricket ball of mass 0,15 kg is dropped from rest from a certain height and it strikes the floor at a speed of 6,2 m ·s-1. The ball bounces straight upwards at a velocity of 3,62 m ·s-1 to a height of 0,65 m, as shown in the diagram below. The effects of air friction may be ignored. 0,15 kg 0,65 m 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 Define the term impulse in words. Calculate the magnitude of the impulse of the net force applied to the ball during its collision with the floor.To meet the requirements, a cricket ball must bounce to one third of the height that it is initially dropped from. Use ENERGY PRINCIPLES to determine whether this ball meets the minimum requirements. (2) (3) (5) [10] Copyright reserved Please turn over Physical Sciences/P1 10 NSC DBE/Feb. –Mar. 2012 QUESTION 5 (Start on a new page. ) A wooden block of mass 2 kg is released from rest at point P and slides down a curved slope from a vertical height of 2 m, as shown in the diagram below. It reaches its lowest position, point Q, at a speed of 5 m ·s-1. P 2 kg 2m 9 kg Q 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 5. 4Define the term gravitational potential energy. Use the work-energy theorem to calculate the work done by the average frictional force on the wooden block when it reaches point Q. Is mechanical energy conserved while the wooden block slides down the slope? Give a reason for the answer. The wooden block collides with a stationary crate of mass 9 kg at point Q. After the collision, the crate moves to the right at 1 m ·s-1. 5. 4. 1 5. 4. 2 Calculate the magnitude of the velocity of the wooden block immediately after the collision. The total kinetic energy of the system before the collision is 25 J.Use a calculation to show that the collision between the wooden block and the crate is inelastic. (2) (6) (2) (4) (5) [19] QUESTION 6 (Start on a new page. ) An ambulance approaches an accident scene at constant velocity. The siren of the ambulance emits sound waves at a frequency of 980 Hz. A detector at the scene measures the frequency o f the emitted sound waves as 1 050 Hz. 6. 1 6. 2 6. 3 Calculate the speed at which the ambulance approaches the accident scene. Use the speed of sound in air as 340 m ·s-1. Explain why the measured frequency is higher than the frequency of the source.The principle of the Doppler effect is applied in the Doppler flow meter. State ONE positive impact of the use of the Doppler flow meter on humans. (4) (2) (2) [8] Copyright reserved Please turn over Physical Sciences/P1 11 NSC DBE/Feb. –Mar. 2012 QUESTION 7 (Start on a new page. ) Learners investigate the change in the broadness of the central bright band formed when monochromatic light of different wavelengths passes through a single slit. They set up the apparatus, as shown in diagram below, and measure the broadness of the central bright band in the pattern observed on the screen.The width of the slit is 5,6 x 10-7 m. screen first dark band monochromatic light ? midpoint of central bright band 0,033 m first dark band 0,45 m 7. 1 7. 2 7. 3 Write down an investigative question. Which TWO variables are kept constant? In one of their experiments, the distance from the midpoint of the central bright band to the first dark band is measured to be 0,033 m. Calculate the wavelength of the light used in this experiment. (2) (2) (5) 7. 4 How will the broadness of the central bright band of red light compare with that of blue light? Write down only GREATER THAN, SMALLER THAN or EQUAL TO.Give a reason for the answer. (2) [11] Copyright reserved Please turn over Physical Sciences/P1 12 NSC DBE/Feb. –Mar. 2012 QUESTION 8 (Start on a new page. ) Two metal spheres, P and Q, on insulated stands, carrying charges of +5 x 10-9 C and +5 x 10-9 C respectively, are placed with their centres 20 mm apart. X is a point at a distance of 10 mm from sphere Q, as shown below. 20 mm +5 x 10-9 C P 10 mm +5 x 10-9 C Q X 8. 1 8. 2 8. 3 8. 4 Define the term electric field. Sketch the net electric field pattern for the two charge s. Calculate the net electric field at point X due to the presence of P and Q.Use your answer to QUESTION 8. 3 to calculate the magnitude of the electrostatic force that an electron will experience when placed at point X. (2) (3) (6) (3) [14] Copyright reserved Please turn over Physical Sciences/P1 13 NSC DBE/Feb. –Mar. 2012 QUESTION 9 (Start on a new page. ) 9. 1 Learners use Ohm's law to determine which ONE of two resistors A and B has the greater resistance. For each resistor, they measure the current through the resistor for different potential differences across its ends. The graph below shows the results obtained in their investigation. A current (A) B potential difference (V) 9. 1. 1The learners are supplied with the following apparatus: 6 V battery Voltmeter Ammeter Rheostat Resistors A and B Conducting wires Draw a circuit diagram to show how the learners must use the above apparatus to obtain each of the graphs shown above. (4) (1) 9. 1. 2 9. 1. 3 Write down ONE var iable that must be kept constant during this investigation. Which ONE of A or B has the higher resistance? Give an explanation for the answer. (3) Copyright reserved Please turn over Physical Sciences/P1 14 NSC DBE/Feb. –Mar. 2012 9. 2 In the circuit diagram below, the battery has an emf of 12 V and an internal resistance of 0,8 ?.The resistance of the ammeter and connecting wires may be ignored. 12 V 0,8 ? 2? 4? A 8? 8? V Calculate the: 9. 2. 1 9. 2. 2 9. 2. 3 Effective resistance of the circuit Reading on the ammeter Reading on the voltmeter (4) (3) (4) [19] Copyright reserved Please turn over Physical Sciences/P1 15 NSC DBE/Feb. –Mar. 2012 QUESTION 10 (Start on a new page. ) 10. 1 The essential components of a simplified DC motor are shown in the diagram below. coil B C N A D S brushes split-ring commutator When the motor is functioning, the coil rotates in a clockwise direction, as shown. 10. 1. Write down the function of each of the following components: (a) (b) 1 0. 1. 2 Split-ring commutator Brushes (1) (1) What is the direction of the conventional current in the part of the coil labelled AB? Write down only FROM A TO B or FROM B TO A. Will the coil experience a maximum or minimum turning effect (torque) if the coil is in the position as shown in the diagram above? State ONE way in which this turning effect (torque) can be increased. (1) 10. 1. 3 (1) (1) 10. 1. 4 10. 2 Alternating current (AC) is used for the long-distance transmission of electricity. 10. 2. 1 10. 2. Give a reason why AC is preferred over DC for long-distance transmission of electricity. An electric appliance with a power rating of 2 000 W is connected to a 230 V rms household mains supply. Calculate the: (a) (b) Peak (maximum) voltage rms current passing through the appliance (3) (3) [12] Please turn over (1) Copyright reserved Physical Sciences/P1 16 NSC DBE/Feb. –Mar. 2012 QUESTION 11 (Start on a new page. ) In the diagram shown below, electrons are released from a metal plate when light of a certain frequency is shone on its surface. incident light metal surface eA 11. 1 11. 2Name the phenomenon described above. The frequency of the incident light on the metal plate is 6,16 x 1014 Hz and electrons are released with a kinetic energy of 5,6 x 10-20 J. Calculate the: 11. 2. 1 11. 2. 2 Energy of the incident photons Threshold frequency of the metal plate (1) (3) (5) 11. 3 The brightness of the incident light is now increased. What effect will this change have on the following: (Write down only INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. ) 11. 3. 1 11. 3. 2 The reading on the ammeter Explain the answer. The kinetic energy of the released photoelectrons Explain the answer. 2) (2) [13] 125 150 TOTAL SECTION B: GRAND TOTAL: Copyright reserved Physical Sciences/P1 1 NSC DBE/Feb. –Mar. 2012 DATA FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES GRADE 12 PAPER 1 (PHYSICS) GEGEWENS VIR FISIESE WETENSKAPPE GRAAD 12 VRAESTEL 1 (FISIKA) TABLE 1: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS/TABEL 1: FISI ESE KONSTANTES NAME/NAAM Acceleration due to gravity Swaartekragversnelling Speed of light in a vacuum Spoed van lig in ‘n vakuum Planck's constant Planck se konstante Coulomb's constant Coulomb se konstante Charge on electron Lading op elektron Electron mass Elektronmassa Permittivity of free space Permittiwiteit van vry ruimteSYMBOL/SIMBOOL g c h k e me ?0 VALUE/WAARDE 9,8 m ·s-2 3,0 x 108 m ·s-1 6,63 x 10-34 J ·s 9,0 x 109 N ·m2 ·C-2 -1,6 x 10-19 C 9,11 x 10-31 kg 8,85 x 10-12 F ·m-1 Copyright reserved Please turn over Physical Sciences/P1 2 NSC DBE/Feb. –Mar. 2012 TABLE 2: FORMULAE/TABEL 2: FORMULES MOTION/BEWEGING v f = v i + a ? t 1 1 ? x = v i ? t + 2 a? t 2 or/of ? y = v i ? t + 2 a? t 2 2 2 v f = v i + 2a? x or/of v f = v i + 2a? y FORCE/KRAG 2 2 ? v +vf ? ? v +vf ? ?x = ? i ? ?t or/of ? y = ? i ? ?t ? 2 ? ? 2 ? Fnet = ma Fnet ? t = ? p ? p = mv f ? v i p = mv w = mg WORK, ENERGY AND POWER/ARBEID, ENERGIE EN DRYWING W = F? x cos ? 1 or/of K = mv 2 2 P= W ? t Ek = 1 mv 2 2 U = mgh Wnet = ? K ?K = K f ? K i or/of or/of or/of E P = mgh Wnet = ? Ek ?Ek = Ekf ? Eki P = Fv WAVES, SOUND AND LIGHT/GOLWE, KLANK EN LIG v=f? fL = v  ± vL fs v  ± vs or/of fL = v  ± vL fb v  ± vb 1 f E = hf T= E= h c ? E = Wo + Ek sin ? = m? a where/waar 1 E = hf and/en W0 = hf0 and/en Ek = mv 2 2 Copyright reserved Please turn over Physical Sciences/P1 3 NSC DBE/Feb. –Mar. 2012 ELECTROSTATICS/ELEKTROSTATIKA Q 1Q 2 r2 V E= d kQ Q U= 1 2 r Q C= V F= kQ r2 F E= q W V= q ? A C= 0 d E= ELECTRIC CIRCUITS/ELEKTRIESE STROOMBANE V R= I R s = R1 + R 2 + †¦ 1 1 1 = + + †¦ R p R1 R 2 W = Vq W = VI ? t W= I2R ? t V 2 ? t W= R emf ( ? ) = I(R + r) emk ( ? ) = I(R + r) q=I ? t W ? t P= P = VI P = I2R V2 P= R ALTERNATING CURRENT/WISSELSTROOM I rms = I max 2 Vmax 2 / I I wgk = maks 2 Vwgk = Vmaks 2 Paverage = Vrms I rms 2 Paverage = I rms R / / / Pgemiddeld = Vwgk I wgk Pgemiddeld = I 2 R wgk Vrms = / Paverage 2 Vrms = R Pgemiddeld = 2 Vwgk R Copy right reserved

Closely analyse the poems ‘Sacifice’ by Taufiq Rafat and ‘Out, Out’ by Robert Frost

In preparation for this essay I read and analysed a series of poems. Some of these poems include ‘Tich Miller' by Wendy Cope and ‘City Jungle' by Pie Corbett. For the main part of the essay I read the two poems ‘Sacifice' by Taufiq Rafat and ‘Out, Out' by Robert Frost and found out, about the two different cultures. ‘Sacifice' is about a goat being sacrificed when they are laying the foundations of a friend's house, where as ‘Out, Out' is about a boy having his hand chopped off by a buzz saw. In class, as a group we took down notes about the two poems. I will now individually show my understanding of the two poems and write an analysis for them both. I will now analyse ‘Sacrifice' by Taufiq Rafat. The poem is about laying the foundations of a house. To do this they have to perform a ritual. The ritual is that the owner of the house has to sacrifice a goat. In the first stanza we can see that the poet feels empathy for the goat as it says ‘I can feel its point on my throat'. It is suggesting that he has taken the persona of the goat and feels what it feels. This stanza is almost out of order, as the poet Rafat could have put line five ‘We are laying the foundations of a friend's house' as his first line. He could have done this deliberately because he wants to create effect and to catch the reader's attention by having a strong first stanza with language like ‘geysers'. You can tell by the language of the poem that the person who is performing the sacrifice is disturbed and doesn't want to kill the goat as it says ‘A hot sticky sweat breaks out on my body'. This line in the poem stands out for me because it creates a strong image in my mind and tells me exactly how he is felling towards the sacrifice. In the next stanza we find out that there is a group of people that are involved in laying the foundations of a friend's house, as the sentence starts with ‘We are laying the foundations of a friend's house'. By the words ‘a brief prayer' and ‘we stand in a tight circle' you can tell that the culture of the poem is a religious one and that they are also a close community by them all involved in a ritual also by them all laying the foundations of a friend's house. The line ‘The heat, and the smell of blood make me dizzy' tells you how this sacrifice is making him feel and once again it shows that he thinks this is uncivilized. I think that when it says the goat has a ‘civilized and patient look' it makes me feel that the goat doesn't deserve what is about to happen to it and they are going to kill it when he doesn't expect it. In the next stanza they are now performing the sacrifice of the goat. When the poet writes ‘Part of the ritual that it is his hand only' it tells you that the person who has to kill the goat is the one who is having his house blessed. In the line ‘How keenly it cuts! ‘ the poet Rafat is showing that the goat cuts easily and that it is almost like the knife wants to kill the goat. I think that the explanation mark at the end shows the shock and the response of the poet. When the poet writes ‘The movement is a little unsteady' this stands out for me because as well as him being nervous I would be too if I had to kill any animal. Also I think it is ironic that by him being nervous, because he doesn't want to hurt the goat, he is actually causing the goat to feel more pain by not being steady. The word ‘butchering' makes this sacrifice feel more unpleasant because butcher means they kill. ‘Four calloused hands imprison my jerking legs' this tells us that they are working class people because calloused hands suggests that people work with their hands. Also by saying that the hands are calloused, which means harden, it could suggest that they have hard emotions to this sacrifice. Also with the words ‘jerking legs' the poet is taken on the persona and empathy of the goat. In the next stanza they have killed the goat and are now burying it. When Rafat writes ‘the children are fascinated by the tableau' he is saying that the children might want to do this in the future and suggests that this culture could be passed through generations. The goat is forgotten about forever when it says ‘Two spadefuls of dirt will cover me up forever' I feel that it is sad that some people would just kill an animal for their culture and just forget about it afterwards. When Rafat says ‘a white-bearded man chants something holly' it is coming back to the idea that their community is a religious community. At the end of the sentence we can tell that this sacrifice is recent by the words ‘the cameras click' it also suggests that to some this is a celebration but as you read the last stanza the poet has another opinion. The poet Rafat writes ‘we are not laying the foundations of a house, but another Dachau. ‘ The language he is using is very strong at the end. As I read this last stanza it made me think that when he used the word Dachau that means Concentration Camp or even a Death Camp he clearly shows that he disapproves to the whole sacrifice as I would but he also makes it clear that people have different opinions and feelings, to this. Over all I think that Rafat makes it clear you can't change the way people feel, this may be because of there religion or culture. I will now analyse ‘Out, Out' by Robert Frost. The poem ‘Out, Out' is about a young boy who is working in a factory in Vermont. As the poem goes on we find out that a buzz saw the boy was working with chops off his hand. In the first line the poet Frost writes ‘The buzz saw snarled' this suggest that by the word snarled there is danger to come. Also personification is used by ‘buzz saw'. The poet suddenly changers the tone of the poem by using the words ‘sweet-scented' and also saying in line five about the ‘Five Mountain Ranges' and ‘Under the sunset into Vermont'. I think that personally this was very clever because the poet has brought the scene alive and goes on to set a pleasant scene with the Mountain Ranges in Vermont. He also tells us a bit about the culture. He does this by mentioning the Mountains, which tell us that this is an isolated community. In line seven the poet has once again changed the tone of the poem by coming back to the saw. In this line he has used repetition by repeating the words ‘Snarled and Ratted'. He explains why the buzz saw was snarling and rattling in the next line by saying ‘As it ran light, or had to bear a load'. When the poet writes ‘and nothing happened: day was all but done'. This Suggest to the reader that it is just a normal day and that nothing special was going to happen. I found this clever because it is misleading. In the next line the poet shows a bit of emotion by saying ‘call it a day, I wish they might have said'. By using the words ‘I wish' it makes you think that something bad may happen to him. To please the boy' the poet writes in the next line. This is the first time the poet introduces him as just a boy. This suggests that as apart of their culture they get young children to work. I disagree with this because I think that young children are not as experienced with using dangerous equipment such as a buzz saw and something could happen to them if they are not careful and could get hurt. The poet goes on to introduce his sister in line thirteen ‘His sister stood beside them in her apron'. As the poet does this it could suggest that as a part of their culture, families work together. Frost also writes that the sisters tell the rest of the workers it's supper ‘To tell them ‘Supper†. This could suggest that the poet has given them traditional roles for the genders. This is that the men have to do the work and the women have to cook. My response to this is that I disagree because it is sexism and I think that is wrong. In the next couple of lines Frost describes how the buzz saw cuts the boys hand off because he is not paying attention and gets distracted by his sister saying to word ‘Super' and loses his concentration. Frost writes just after the word ‘Super' that ‘the saw, As if to prove saws knew what supper meant, leaped out at the boy's hand' it is as if the saw decides to eat by hearing the hearing the word supper so he users personification. He explains that ‘he must have given the hand' and that the boy couldn't pull away in time. ‘But the hand! ‘ the poet writes, which means that he is in shock and dismay by the exclamation mark at the end. By his hand getting chopped off it tells as that it is very physical, manual, dangerous work they do. The boy's first outcry was a rueful laugh'. This suggests that he doesn't really realise what has happened to him. By the poet using the word ‘rueful' it tells us again that he is in shock and doesn't believe it. Frost writes in line twenty ‘as he swung toward them holding up the hand, Half in appeal' this could mean that the boy has reacted different to his hand being chopped off. This is because at first he was in shock and then he was looking for help by swinging towards them. The poet then writes ‘but half as if to keep the life from spilling'. This could refer to the title ‘Out, Out' because as the blood is spilling out of him it is also like the life is spilling and going out of his body as well. The boy's final reaction is when it says ‘then the boy saw all' this suggests that he knows that he is going to either be disabled or even die. The poet writes how the boy has now become a teenager by using the words ‘big boy doing a man's work' even though the boy is a ‘child at heart'. In the next few lines it tells us that the boy has lost his hand and that he has even lost his life. At first the poet brings the boy alive by using speech and getting him to say ‘Don't let him cut my hand off'. The poet now changers the whole pace of the poem by just having the word ‘So' by itself. This suggests the finality of the poem. ‘But the hand was gone already'. This means that despite what he wants it doesn't matter because the hand was gone and it couldn't have been used again. In the next sentence we find out that their medical provision is quite basic because it says ‘the doctor put him in the dark of ether'. The ether is for the boy to cope with the pain. The boy ‘lay and puffed his lips out with his breath'. I think this was sad because we know that he is going to die and that could have been his last breath, but it still suggests that there is life still there. ‘And then-the watcher at his pulse took fright'. This just means that the fright caused his pulse to go down. Also the hyphen could suggest a dramatic pause. His life is slowly going away from him now when Frost writes ‘Little-less-nothing! I think that the exclamation mark means the end and it goes on to say he has died ‘and that ended it'. My response to the end of the poem is a one of disbelieve. This is because the poet writes ‘Since they were not the one dead, turned to their affairs'. I personally find this hard to believe that their culture is quite hard hearted and that they think death and danger is a normal part of life. I don't know how some people would just carry on with their lives ins tantly and think it was just another death. This poem must be quite old because of the whole attitude towards death has changed. This is not like ‘Sacifice' because that was quite recent because of the ‘Cameras'. I will now write about the similarities and differences between the two poems and compare them both. I will start off with some of the similarities between ‘Sacifice' and ‘Out, Out'. The first thing I have notice between the two was that they both have quite a sad, and depressing tone towards them. This is because they are both about death. Also in both of the poems the characters take the deaths quite lightly e. . in ‘Sacrifice' they just forget about the goat ‘Two spadefuls of dirt will cover me up forever' and in ‘Out, Out' they feel that it is just another death ‘Since they were not the one dead, turned to their affairs'. Another similarity is that the poet, or the voice of the poem, does not appear to share the views of the communities described. This is because in ‘Sacrifice' the poet does not want to kill the goat but community does and in ‘Out, Out' the boy does not want to carry on working ‘Call it a day, I wish they might have sad'. They both tell a story and they create a serious tone because they are in blank verse. As they are in blank verse it sounds like someone is telling a story. The last similarity I found is that they both give insights into the cultures in which they are set. Also they imply criticism of the aspect of the culture they are describing. For example in ‘Out, Out' one criticism is that a young boy like him should not be working at such a young age but it is apart of their culture to do so. An example of a criticism in ‘Sacrifice' is that they should not kill the goat but they do so because it is apart of their culture. Now I will describe some of the differences between the two poems. The main difference would have to be that ‘Out, Out' is about a human where as ‘Sacrifice' is about an animal. They both describe different cultures. For example ‘Sacrifice' is a religious community and ‘Out, Out' isn't. I found that one difference was that ‘Sacrifice' includes empathy with the goat, where as ‘Out, Out' just describes what happens. Also ‘Sacrifice' is divided into stanzas and is in clear sections, where as ‘Out, Out' is not in stanzas and just flows chronologically through the story. Another difference would have to be that the poet in ‘Sacrifice' is more involved where as in ‘Out, Out' the poet is more of an observer. The last difference I can think of is that the death of the boy was an accident where as the death of the goat was on purpose. Overall I found that ‘Sacrifice' by Taufiq Rafat was very sad because I don't think it was right for them to go ahead with the ritual sacrifice of the goat just because they are laying the foundations of a house. The only decent and respectful bit towards the goat was from the poet himself. He doesn't think this was right either and at least his heart is in the right place. He lets us know from the very beginning that his real sympathies are with the goat: ‘As he moves the knife across the neck of the goat I can feel its point on my throat'. But Rafat's sympathy isn't much use to the goat. This is because if he has his doubts about the ceremony and he knows he is going to sacrifice the goat, I don't get why he is there in the first place if he doesn't want to kill the goat. Apart from this I found it a very interesting poem to read. For ‘Out, Out' by Robert Frost I felt that it is a tragedy that a young boy who lives in a rural area, is propelled to work longs days, doing a job that is fit for a man and that he is doing this instead of spending the days as a youth. When Frost writes ‘Call it a day, I wish they might have said, to please the boy by giving him the half hour that a boy counts so much when saved from work' I felt that not only do these lines inform us that the boy wished he did not have to work but it also reflects a sense of regret on the bystanders part. It proposes the fact that if they had finished up early, or even not made this young boy do a job fit for his superior then his death may have never occurred. I found this part particularly important to me because if they had done the right thing and not gave him this job he could have still been alive! I liked the fact that Frost uses particular techniques such as, personification, repetition, onomatopoeia, and word structure, which produced a precise rhythm to the poem. Another bit of this poem I liked is that throughout the poem the buzz saw is personified and is given human and animal like qualities. And the saw snared and rattled, snarled and rattled as it ran light or had to bear a load'. This I found suggests that the saw is in fact some kind of creature, which may posses more power than the boy. To some up I think that Frost's ideas of life and death, the harshness of life's demands, and how he shows personal interest in the way in which individuals deal with life's issues su ch as death are clearly reflected in the poem ‘Out, Out'. I think that this was a great poem to read.

Failure as an effective teacher Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Failure as an effective teacher - Essay Example It is a tricky fact to realize, but a simple example makes this fact easily comprehensible. As babies, none of us were able to make our step without a number of attempts and failures preceding our ultimate success of walking with a sense of pride. As children we never used to think too much about the failures that we underwent, because we were too busy to think about failures due to our thirst for success, i.e. the ability to walk. As we reflect on it today, we realize that our several attempts and failures to walk were merely stepping stones to our success in achieving it. In the process of achieving our success, we also gained some essential experience which led us to our success, and such experience was caused by our failures in the attempts. Therefore, it is an essential fact of life that failure is the most effective teacher one can get in one’s life, which ultimately leads one to success. Failure is the best and most effective teacher in life, because one can reach the ultimate success through the experience that one gains in every failure of life. Life is not a bed of roses and is, of course, a mixture of failures and successes. The real winner in life is the one who can accept this reality and makes use of the failures as stepping stones to success. It is through embracing failures wholeheartedly and learning from such experiences that one achieves success in life. The attitude of Thomas Alva Edison, who said â€Å"I have not failed; I’ve just found 10,000 ways that won’t work†, is what we require to learn from the great teacher called failure and experience. Although failure may seem to be a harsh teacher sometimes, it will ultimately prove to be the most effective teacher who not only leads one to success, but also provides the vital experiences in life. Failure and success are like two sides of the coin and we should consider failure as a teacher who can guide us to success. As aforementioned,

Warren .P. Fraleigh's Relationships Between Purpose and Other Essay

Warren .P. Fraleigh's Relationships Between Purpose and Other Purpose-related Terms - Essay Example The first term related to purpose, is motive and the difficulty of equating the two terms. Motivation is explained on the backdrop of an individual making the decision to participate in a sporting activity against other forms of recreation. This suggestion indicates the examination of sports and purpose as a smaller category found in a larger concept, which is that of recreation (Fraleigh, 1975). The purpose of engaging in sporting activities is not always explicit, as it cannot be delinked from self-actualization. Self-actualization might not form the actual purpose of engaging in sporting activities, but it is attained subconsciously. Purpose gives sporting activities some sense of direction going against the proposed concept of natural law regarding sports that delineates sporting activities from purpose. The example cited in the article on Olympic games introduces the second term related to purpose and that is intention. The intention of conducting Olympic games supersedes actual sporting activities and differs from one individual to the next and amongst participating nations. Sports in this case can be viewed as a medium of actualization of individual and group goals, for example, engagement in sporting activities with the aim of gaining recognition and fame (Fraleigh, 1975). Other individuals engage in sporting activities at the Olympics with the purpose of ensuring their countries are brought to the spotlight. This interrogation of sporting activities reveals that sport in itself does not have a purpose, but social groups or individuals assign the purpose to the sport and as such, the sporting activity cannot achieve additional purpose than that assigned to it by participants. This is true owing to the nature of sporting activities across the globe in which people engage for varied reasons. A sporting activity might have similar characteristics but achieves different purposes

The water pollution of the Yellow River Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The water pollution of the Yellow River - Essay Example Currently, the Mother River is slowly dying. Stained with pollution, crowded with ill-conceived dams, tainted with sewage, it diminishes at its mouth to a lifeless trickle. There were many occasions during the 1990s that the river didn’t reach the sea at all (Wang, Xuejun, and Edwin, 282). It is no hallucination. The huge oasis in Ningxia, near the Yellow Rivers which runs 3,400-mile from the Plateau of Tibet has survived for close to 2,000 years, since the Qin emperor posted an army of peasant engineers to grow crops and build canal for soldiers protecting the Great Wall (Wang et. al.177). Many residents are trying to carry on that tradition today. Lured here almost three decades ago by the limitless supply of water, farmers near the river banks cultivate cornfields along the Great Wall next to the Yellow River (Selden, Mark and So, 152). From the irrigation canal, many residents appreciated the green expanse and loved the rivers power and always believed it was the most beautiful residence under the sun (Wang, Xuejun, and Edwin, 282). However, this earthly bliss is fading fast. The proliferation of industries, factories, cities, and farms which are considered goods of Chinas magnificent economic boom is affecting the Yellow River by making it dry (Wang et. al.168). All the water that is remaining is being polluted and poisoned by these disposals. From the canal bank another surreal flash of blood-red toxic chemical waste streaming from a pipe are considered the greatest pollutants of the Yellow River. These drainage makes the water turn garish purple (White and Matthew, 47). The canal drains into the Yellow River that was inhabited by turtles and fishes (Selden, Mark and So, 154). Currently, the water is toxic to be used for irrigation purposes. In addition, goats and livestock die within hours of drinking from the canal (Wang, Xuejun, and Edwin, 283). The hazardous pollution comes from chemical and pharmaceutical factories next to Shens

Negligence Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Negligence Paper - Essay Example The impending dilemma and major complication is that the wrong leg was amputated. The hospital identified to be the scenario of the event was likewise concurrently experiencing problems with the union and a shortage in staff, particularly nurses. In this regard, the aims of the essay are to address the following concerns: (1) to differentiate between negligence, gross negligence, and malpractice. Based on the information, decide if one agrees with the statement in given scenario; (2) to describe the importance of documentation (relating to the given simulation) and its correlation to potential negligence. Specifically, the following questions would be answered: (a) if you were the nurse in this situation, what ethical principles would guide your practice? And (b) how would you document the case to satisfy ethical and legal requirements? Differentiation between Negligence, Gross Negligence and Malpractice According to Delaune and Ladner (2006), negligence is â€Å"the failure of an i ndividual to provide care that a reasonable person would ordinarily use in a similar circumstance. In other words, action that is contrary to the conduct of a reasonable person and results in harm is considered to be negligent behavior. When a nurse commits a negligent act that results in injury, it is known as malpractice† (201). To differentiate the terms to gross negligence, Thorton (2006) averred that it â€Å"is a much more nebulous and complicated concept. Gross negligence is an act or omission ‘which (1) when viewed objectively from the standpoint of the actor at the time of its occurrence involves an extreme degree of risk, considering the probability and magnitude of the potential harm to others; and (2) of which the actor has actual, subjective awareness of the risk involved, but nevertheless proceeds with conscious indifference to the rights, safety, or welfare of others’† (cited from Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code, Section 41.001 (11), Vernon's 200 6 by Thorton, par. 6). More clearly, malpractice is defined by Stubenrauch (2007) as â€Å"improper or unethical conduct or unreasonable lack of skill by a holder of a professional or official position; often applied to physicians, dentists, lawyers, and public officers to denote negligent or unskillful performance of duties when professional skills are obligatory† (cited from The Joint Commission by Stubenrauch, 2007, par. 1). In the given scenario, the act of the responsible health care practitioner appears to be categorized as gross negligence because of the presence of the elements of omission resulting in extreme degree of risk and harm to the patient. Importance of Documentation According to Stimpfel (2007), â€Å"quality medical charting is important in providing high quality care and also because in the current health-care system, a number of patients who believe they have sustained physical or psychological harm as a result of their healthcare provider’s negl igence bring claims or lawsuits to recover damages† (1). The lack of proper documentation and accurate identification of the leg to be amputated in the patient chart resulted in gross negligence that contributed to bodily injury,

Reflective Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reflective Letter - Essay Example s learned, the following three (3) choices in designing my writing portfolio were chosen and revised copies are hereby appropriately attached: (1) profile essay; (2) position essay; and (3) proposal essay; which all delves on the same topic/issue: â€Å"The rising role of women in drug trafficking†. The profile essay initially presented a profile draft about Griselda Blanco’s â€Å"The Godmother† of Drug Trafficking. From the comments and reviews that were provided, I changed the structure from what previously appeared as a biography, to more of a profile, which was specifically required. Likewise, some parts were revised to present narrative discourse, rather than providing chronological and bibliographic details to adhere to the story format. In the position essay that focused on the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) being part of the drug trade, there was a need to provide an overview of the CIA prior to delving into the case. As noted, I make some re-organization of identified paragraphs for effective consistency. Likewise, the proposal essay about â€Å"The Rising Role of Women in Drug Trafficking† has apparently led to ‘femicide’ in areas where drug trafficking was deemed prevalent, discussed why it was an alarming situation and what policy options could be implemented to curb this rising menace. On my first draft, the problem and significance of the study were discussed extensively but I failed to provide required details in the solution portion. Therefore, during the revision, greater details on the solution to decrease femicide were duly presented. Further, one’s ideas and paragraphs were appropriately

African Americans and the New South Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

African Americans and the New South - Essay Example America,as it was preparing to enter the 20th Century, was experiencing rapid change.The Civil War was over,reconstruction was complete and the nation had seen unequaled leaps of technology and industrial advancement in the last several decades of the 19th century.Wells took a radical stance is his position.He blamed the African American as much as the White population for perpetuating the inequality still remaining in the south.The violence and its increasing frequency and spread both west and north were in his mind precursors of what was to follow if African Americans sat quietly by and let it occur.Although he stopped short of an outright revolution,in his mind words alone would not bring about a change.The only people African Americans could rely on were themselves. Through meeting the violence and hatred head on was the only solution available. Although not standing by and letting the rest of the nation dictate what was best for African American people, Wells view was, in my opi nion, much to extreme and would alienate the supporters for Black equality among the general population. The extremist views, although not negating the horrors of lynching, would do more harm than good in drawing attention away from the brutality and focusing it on perceived hatred for Whites.Booker T. Washington's views stated that the newly won freedom from slavery brought with it desires to achieve immediate positions of power and importance. However, as natural as the tendency was to desire this, Washington stated that the initial joy of new found freedom was over and the work was truly to begin. This work was not found in African Americans seeking to make a new life elsewhere, nor was it in southern industry looking to the hordes of immigrants entering the United States. Instead Washington tells us to "cast down your bucket where you are." (38) His view expresses that white and black southern America are intertwined in their history, both knowing the other's strengths and weakn esses and working together was a business that lead to prosperity for both. The biggest mistakes African Americans could make, in his view, is expecting too much, too soon. He stresses that the important issues to improve the state of Black America is education and working hard at doing the best job possible, no matter your position in life. The attainment of higher things is found in the ability to start from where you are and work towards improvement through education, learning and reliance on one another. The last area that Washington stresses is the separation of Blacks and Whites socially. He uses, quite well, the metaphor of the hand and the fingers - connected yet separate. "In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress". (39) He proposes a business proposition that through mutual hard work and cooperation each race will grow and prosper as a united front. His position is logical and pragmatic not based on emotion but on a mutually beneficial business partnership. However, he warns us that if both continue on the path of exclusion and complaint the result will be ruinous for both races an almost implied threat. Turner offers a position totally opposed to Washington, whom he refers to, if not by name by his stance, when he states "that any black who claimed that African Americans did not want social equality immediately "is either an ignoramus, or is an advocate of the perpetual servility and degradation of his race" (42). Turner opens with what appears to be disdain for Black Americans when he opposes the notion that

Women In Macbeth Essay Example for Free

Women In Macbeth Essay Shakespeare â€Å"Macbeth† and Robert Browning â€Å"The Laboratory, are related via the theme of power and in both stories in involves a murder plot. In both works it shows ambitious women is willing to resort to murder to accomplish their ends. Both are not afraid to kill, both use a lot of descriptive language and they are both planners. Both women in Macbeth and The Laboratory are shown to seek power thru an intended killing to gain themselves some power they covet which is currently possessed by their intended victim. Macbeth seeks the crown of Scotland by murdering the king, and the narration of The Laboratory seeks a redress of grievance via the murder of her rival .The similarity in both characters is that both are open to kill and they showed no remorse or moral problems in it. Like for example in The Laboratory the narrator describes how is she going to kill her lover’s mistress. â€Å"Now that,trying thy glass mask tightly My gaze tho these faint smoke curling whitely As though pliest thy trade in this devil’s smithy Which is the poison to poison her,prither?   As this compared to Lady Macbeth of killing Duncan, which can be seen in Act 1, Scene 5 p.20. â€Å"Come to my womans breast, and take my milk for gall, you murdering minister Whereas in your sightless substance You wait on nature’s mischief Come,thick,night And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell. With these scene in Macbeth and the lines in The Laboratory poem it shows that the character doesn’t show any remorse till the end until she loses her mind and stricken with guilt. These women shows that they quite brutal, aggressive and violent characters as what Lady Macbeth describes, she would dash her child’s brain on the ground rather than break a promise to her husband whereas the speaker in The Laboratory describes how she would like the rivals to suffer and die. They both use their femininity to manipulate men into doing what they want, and in both contexts, society would have been appalled by this type of woman. They both seem a little mentally unstable the speaker in The Laboratory is very paranoid and seems to jump between talking about murder and talking about dancing making her sound just a little psychotic! Lady M eventually goes mad andcant cope with the guilt, her sleepwalking scene shows just how disturbed she is.

Advantages Of Autonomous Vehicles

Advantages Of Autonomous Vehicles Autonomous cars, or cars that run without a human driver, have been in development for over the past few decades, starting from the late 70s and extending towards the present date and even beyond. During the early stages, the autonomous vehicles were slow in speed and even in reaction time. Nowadays, with technological advancement, coupled with better research knowledge and funding towards further development, product improvement has clearly been observed. From the early days of mechanical feedback systems to modern software incorporation, numerous improvements have been made. 2. Advantages of Autonomous Vehicles Finding from the World health Organization (WHO) several years ago regarding automobile accidents: Accidents expenditure in the United States reached $230 billion; with over $30 billion going into health care. Such will only increase, because the road accidents are expected to be the third largest killer worldwide by 2020. There are two possible approaches to make cars safer. Systems can be implemented to make a car accident less lethal or to prevent accidents. Also, from an energy and efficiency point of view, in general, people are not able to drive the best as well. Having computers to do the driving is going to save energy significantly. However, since vehicles are networked and with traffic flow synchronized, it is an apples-to-orange comparison. Autonomous cars wont have to tackle congestion and stop-and-go traffic, as is present today. Road travel will speed up, more predictability, and passengers will have ample space to focus on other things while travelling. The vehicles will be a lot less heavy. There will be a reduced need for designs to deal with impacts, as the heavy vehicles of today are driven by error prone humans, nor a need to be equipped with protection instruments to protect drivers (e.g. crumple zones, airbags, or even seatbelts). Further advantages of driverless vehicles, aside from the significant safety and energy benefits that would be presented with their use, will be an increase in transportation access. Aged, restricted mobility, poor, and even the language illiterate individuals can safely travel. It will be like having a chauffeur at all times. 3. Integrating technology to make an autonomous vehicle For vehicles to be made autonomous will require advanced sensors and actuators to coordinate hand in hand. Definition of sensor and actuator Sensor A device that detects or measures a physical property and records, indicates, or otherwise responds to it Actuator An actuator is a mechanism responsible for the movement or control of a machine, apparatus or system. It utilizes energy, commonly transported by air, electrical current, or fluid, and translates that into a type of motion. 3.1. Sensors in an autonomous car In an autonomous vehicle, apart from speed sensors, sensors are used for lane position tracking as well as front obstruction detection. This comes in the form of radars. If lane positioning or safety distance is not within safety parameters, the sensor will send signals to the microcontroller. From there, the microcontroller will coordinate the various actuators such as throttle, steering and brakes to enable the vehicle to stay within the parameter. Various sensors used in the mobilization operation of autonomous cars includes a radar reflective stripe system with a vision based system for lane location sensing, a radar system and a scanning laser range finding system for the detection of obstacles ahead of the autonomous car, and various assisting sensors including off-centre looking radars and one angular rate gyroscope. Figure 1 shows a sketch of an autonomous car with the various sensors, actuators and operating devices. 3.2. Actuators in an autonomous car Brake Actuators Coordinate car speed with the sensors and/or users pre-input. Used for slowing down the car when there is a need to. Steering Actuator The steering actuator is a motor controlled by the car in-built microprocessor. The microcontroller takes in signals from the various sensors to steer the car which is done by directing the motor for controlling the angle of the wheels. Throttle Actuators Used for controlling the output of the cars engine based on the sensor or users pre-input. This will increase and reduce the speed of the vehicle as well as maintain. 3.3. Current technologies, design and construction concept used to realize various sensors and actuators in an autonomous vehicle 3.3.1. Electronic Scanning Radar Electronic Scanning Radar is an inexpensive effective object-detection system that utilizes electromagnetic waves, specifically radio waves, to determine the range, direction, or speed of both mobilized and stationary objects. Radio waves or microwaves transition from the radar sensor bounces off any object in their path. The object will then return a tiny portion of the waves energy to the antenna which is normally located at the same spot as the transmitter. Radar technology has the ability to measure positions and speed vectors of multiple targets at the same time, with precise accuracy, within a short time frame. Detection and tracking algorithms are normally given in a one-box-design and some manufacturers allow space for vehicle/customer/application specific code in the radar systems. The ESR enables a wide coverage at mid-range and high-resolution long range using stand-alone radar. Wide and mid-range coverage not only enables vehicles cutting in from adjacent lanes to be detected, but also determines vehicles and pedestrians along the width of the vehicle. Long-range coverage gives accurate range and speed data, with great object discrimination that can identify as much as 64 targets in the vehicles path. The ESR also allows powerful functionality which includes the following: -adaptive cruise control -forward collision warning -brake support -headway alert 3.3.2. Brake actuator One method of braking widely used by autonomous vehicles, although also widely used in contemporary vehicles, is the disc braking system. The main components of disc brakes comprise the following: Brake pads Caliper containing a piston Rotor that is mounted to the hub The disc brake is quite similar to the brakes on a bicycle. Bicycle brakes use a caliper, which forces the brake pads against the wheel. In a disc brake, the pads forces on the rotor instead of the wheel, and with the force being transmitted hydraulically instead of a cable. Friction between each pad and the disc slows the vehicle down. A moving car contains kinetic energy and by stopping the car, the brakes are actually removing this energy. The brakes do this by converting the kinetic energy into that of heat. Therefore, in most cars, ventilation is provided for the brakes. 3.3.3. Adaptive Cruise Control Adaptive cruise control utilizes forward-looking radar with its installation located at the back of the grill of a vehicle, to identify the speed and distance of the vehicle in front of it. Adaptive cruise control is of the same principal as conventional cruise control in that it maintains the vehicle pre-set speed. However, unlike the contemporary cruise control, this implementation can automatically adjust the speed to maintain a safe distance from vehicles along the same lane. This is performed through a radar headway sensor, digital signal processor as well as a longitudinal controller. If the front vehicle slows down, or should another object get detected, the system will send a signal to the engine or braking system to slow down. Subsequently, when the road gets cleared, the system will increase the vehicle speed back to the set value. Cruise control is an example of a closed-loop control system Closed and Open Loop Explained In a closed-loop configuration, a feedback component is being sent together with the input. The difference in the input and feedback signals is sent to the controller. In response to the difference, the controller acts on the process forcing the output to change in a direction that will cause reduction in the difference of the input signal and the feedback component. A closed-loop system has the ability to regulate itself in the midst of disturbances or variations in its own characteristics. Hence, a closed-loop system has an advantage over that of an open-loop Likewise, a cruise control has an input signal of a desired velocity. This goes through any number of amplifiers in the mode of transfer functions and gains, and then, outputs a signal which the motor utilizes to modify its power. Disturbances in the system may include wind speed, bumps on the road, etc. When these obstacles affect the speed of the car, data passes through from the end of the control system in the form of velocity data to the beginning, where it makes appropriate changes to the input signals so it can then properly adjust the speed of the car. Closed loop control systems has its output compared with the desired parameter settings and the process is varied in order for the output to satisfy the requirement. The accelerator of a conventional man-driven vehicle, on the other hand, is an example for an open-loop control. This is a simple link between the gas pedal and the car engine. When stepped on, the engine propels the car, and this does not stop until you remove the input signal (Pedal stepped on with continued pressure). Should there be obstacles along the way, this will affect the speed of the vehicle so long as pedal is being stepped on to a certain particular extend. Open-loop systems provides an output according to the desired set point irrespective to the changes that occur due to certain disturbances in the process. An open-loop control system is influenced directly, and only, by an input signal, without the beneficial use of a feedback. 3.3.4. Oxygen Sensor A vehicle oxygen sensor, also known as a lambda sensor, is a small sensor installed into the exhaust system of a petrol engine for the measurement of the oxygen concentration that remains in the exhaust gas to enable an electronic control unit (ECU) to control the efficiency of the engine combustion process. In majority of all modern automobiles, including autonomous ones, these sensors are installed at the engines exhaust manifold to identify whether the mixture of air together with gasoline going into the engine is rich or lean. That means too much or too little fuel respectively. 3.3.5. CAN-bus CAN Bus is a multiplexed wiring system commonly utilized in the connection of intelligent devices such as Electronic Control Units (ECU) on vehicles, allowing data to be transferred in reliable manner at a lower cost. This also reduces the need for massive amounts of cables In a vehicle. CAN stands for Controller Area Network and it was development was by Bosch, in 1980. Majority of new vehicles utilizes this system and it is becoming more difficult to install after-market products without the use of a CAN Bus Interface. CAN bus is commonly used in autonomous vehicles. 4. Capabilities and Potentials as well as the limitation for the various telematic devices in an autonomous vehicle 4.1. Disc Brakes Today, in almost all automobiles, both conventional and autonomous, disc brakes are the most found .They are better at stopping vehicles than many other type of brakes; which is why they are still in existence since 1902. High speed vehicles need better brakes to slow them down, so most probably a disc brake would be installed. Limitation Heat retention is a common problem with disc brakes. Unfortunately, this causes brake fade. It is where the brake components have absorbed all the heat they can possibly withstand. This means they are unable to absorb more energy and thus, will not be able to slow the car further. 4.2. Cruise Control It is definitely better to be in an autonomous vehicle. This makes life for the user easier as he do not need to drive. Also, with humans in control of the vehicle, a higher tendency of error occurs. In autonomous vehicles, one of the components that make the technology possible is the cruise control. The cruise control aids in automatically controlling the speed as well as maintaining a safe distance from the car in front. This makes travelling safer. Limitation The cruise control of todays autonomous vehicles can only track the car ahead of the equipped vehicle. This means safety is only taken in reference from the front, and not from the back. In the later part of this report, we will look into the intelligent cruise control. 4.3. Radar Sensor Radar aids in making a vehicle autonomous. Current technology enables radar to accurately detect at greater distances, identify up to 64 targets and can be integrated to an autonomous vehicle to assist in many various operations such as cruise control, braking, collision warning and headway alert. Limitation: Current implementations do not permit collision avoidance when environment is obscured with smokes and dust. 4.4. CAN-bus With the huge reduction in wiring, this leads to the following:- (i) Vast reduction in production cost; which also leads to lower retail cost. (ii) Lighter weight for vehicle, thus leading to improved fuel consumption. (b) Reduced number of interconnections, which leads to improved reliability. Limitations Installation is relatively costly, and the requirement for specialised knowledge is needed for maintenance and repair of the vehicle. 5. Continued improvements for Sensors and Actuators in autonomous vehicles The first segment in this section discusses about the improvement in intelligence provided in a sensor over the years and how it has brought about major improvements. Second section will talk about the future sensors and actuators development in autonomous vehicles. 5.1.1. Increased level of intelligence provided in sensors has and explanation to why enhancing the intelligence of a typical sensor may encourage improved performance. This section discusses the details and describes the evolution of a critical sensor in the implementation of a safety critical active controller in passenger cars called ABS (Antilock Brake System). ABS works on the principle of optimizing the wheels slips (for maximizing the brake force) in the car during the event of braking. Wheel slips are defined as below: The critical task in controlling the braking wheels of the car boils down to evaluating the speed of the vehicle and hence estimating the deceleration desired and actually achieved. The difference of which triggers the actual hydraulic pressure build up in each wheel. The complex task of vehicle velocity estimation is done through using wheel speed sensors in each wheel of the car as shown below: Until the advent of active wheel speed sensors recently, global automotive industry was using the passive wheel speed sensors for calculating the wheel speeds. 5.1.1.1. Passive Sensors Passive sensors operate with a steel tone ring application. These variable reluctance sensors are used to measure speed/position of the vehicles tone ring. As the magnetic flux through the coil of the sensor is changed, so does the resulting voltage which is then measured and used to calculate wheel speed. This technology is considered outdated and is typically bypassed for active intelligent sensors. 5.1.1.2. Active Sensors (Intelligent) Standard active wheel speed sensors operate on the Hall Effect. They are able to be used with a magnetic encoder or steel tone ring application. As the magnetic flux changes (created by an internal magnet or the magnetic encoder), the hall sensor creates an output current which can be measured and converted into wheel speed. Standard WSS only measure wheel speed and do not have any additional signals for vehicle operation. A Hall element (square shaped semiconductor layer) is supplied by a permanent current (I const). Applying a magnetic field perpendicular to the current flow the electrons are deflected due to the Lorenz force. This deflection can be measured as Hall voltage, which is perpendicular to the magnetic field (B) and the current flow (I const). The Hall voltage (V Hall) is directly proportional to the external magnetic field. The magnetic field is established either by a magnetic encoder or internal sensor magnet. These active sensors offer benefits when compared to passive sensors. The dominant factors that took the stride towards active intelligent wheel speed sensors were: Weight reduction. Size reduction. Reduction in Cost but improvement in performance. Low speed detection benefits. Passive sensors had the hurdle of building enough reluctance at low vehicle speeds but with active sensors wheel speeds can be detected with changing magnetic fields at as low as ~0.1 m/sec. Direction detection. With developing ASICs and also the magnetic encoders thereby made wheel speed sensors smarter and hence has led to the advantage of vehicle motion direction detection in the sensors. It effectively has offloaded the software task of direction detection by many folds. With detection possible at such low vehicle speeds a new development of Hill Hold Controllers was triggered in the industry. 5.1.2. Intelligent sensor and the mechanism for transferring the measurement to a central data logger or processor. Example is explained in the above question. The mechanism for transferring the measurement to a processor in this case it is ABS controller is here: CAN Bus ABS Controller Pressure application on each wheel Hydraulic controller With reference to the diagram above: The data or pulses/signals from the wheel speed sensors are collected in the special ASICs designed for this purpose from there a SPI bus architecture is used to transfer it to the software layer (HSW box above). Filtering and certain algorithms regarding determination of data usability are made in the stat machine of the software layer. Usable and filtered data is further passed down to the ABS controller through the CAN bus. ABS determines the pressure targets for each wheel and hydraulic controller applies the set targets on the individual wheels for attaining the desired stopping distance of the car. 5.2 Future Development for Sensors and Actuators in autonomous vehicles 5.2.1. Brakes In the future, the hydraulic line may not ever again be needed in an automobiles braking system. In fact, in a recent study performed by Frost Sullivan, it is predicted that, after the year 2010, the automobile industry will begin to replace hydraulic-braking systems with that of brake-by-wire. The utilization of the brake-by-wire technologies like the electro-mechanical braking system and the electronic-wedge brake is predicted to be the norm for future vehicles. This method of braking uses electronic signals instead of mechanical to achieve braking power. The electro mechanical barking system or EMB will not require hydraulic lines due to the activation of the brake being done within the wheel assembly itself. Instead of utilizing calipers, this system uses a wheel brake module. The module comprises of disc brakes and an electric motor which will be the one that activates the brakes during activation. As it is, this method of braking is known as brake-by-wire. Certain automobile companies have almost already fully implemented this system into their automobiles, namely Toyota and Mercedes. However, a full brake-by-wire system has yet to come out and will only be out in the near future. 5.2.2 Radar Future implementations will be the autonomous vehicle navigation and obstacle detection sensor radar. This device, currently being tested, will assist in reducing the quantity of separated components that is required to satisfy the needs of an autonomous vehicle. The navigation and obstacle detection can be done with just one component device. If being mounted on a suitable spot on a vehicle, this all-rounder obstacles detection and navigation radar will eliminate the need for multiple contemporary radars. This will reduce the weight of the vehicle and thus, saving on fuel cost. Furthermore, future implementations will enable obstacle avoidance and prevent collision even when environment is obscured with smokes and dust. 5.2.3. Intelligent Cruise Control In cars nowadays and in autonomous vehicles, the cruise control will only strive to maintain a safe distance from the front car. Unfortunately, this does not include the back car. With this new implementation, the spacing from the back vehicle will also be taken into consideration, together with the spacing from the front vehicle. This system also works and serves especially well when lane switching is being performed. This is due to the inadequate gap tendency between the front and back vehicle. 6. Conclusion The earlier sections in this report has aimed to bring about the ideas of current technology implementations of an autonomous vehicle. As demonstrated, there are still flaws within the system. However, with the intelligence of sensors increasing constantly, it is almost sure that many of the problems faced by autonomous vehicle manufacturers will be solved in the near future.

Existentialism in Franz Kafkas The Metamorphosis and The Hunger Artist

Existentialism in The Metamorphosis and The Hunger Artist       Existentialism is a philosophy dealing with man's aloneness in the universe. Either there is no God or else God stands apart from man, leaving him free will to make his own choices. From this basic idea of man being alone in an uncertain and purposeless world, many related ideas have developed. One great worry of existentialist writers is that life is becoming too complicated and too impersonal. People become more and more involved with their work, which is taking them away from their friends, family, and culture. However, these provide the only "meaning" that life could possibly have. One author prominently known for his work with existential ideas was Franz Kafka. Kafka, who wrote from the mid-1910's until the early 1920's, took the ideas of existentialism and interwove them so well into his novels and short stories that they became a trademark of his writing. Two of his stories are good examples of this philosophy: The Metamorphosis and "The Hunger Artist."    In The Metamorphosis, Gregor, the protagonist, works as a salesman. He doesn't like his job but works very hard, making his job his life. When he wakes up one morning having turned into a dung beetle (or perhaps a cockroach?) during the night, he thinks only about how he is going to get to work, not how it happened or what he can do about it. The hunger artist is also completely dedicated to his job, which is fasting. To him it is an art, one which he works at day and night. All of his thoughts focus on how he can improve himself. At the end of forty days (which was the fasting limit set by his manager), he always asks himself, "Why stop now when [I am] in [my] best fasting for... ...    In both stories, Kafka deals with existentialist ideas. He touches on the view that society is becoming too complicated, too impersonal, and suggests that in our compulsion for work we are getting out of touch with each other. When we start treating humans as inanimate objects instead of people, the results are disastrous. Although Kafka makes these dismal observations, he also provides for a brighter future. Although humans as a group are becoming less and less personal, he seems to say, an optimistic future is possible if individuals will only stop and examine themselves and their relationships with other people.    WORKS CITED Kafka, Franz. "The Hunger Artist." In The Collected Short Stories of Franz Kafka. Ed. Nahum Glatzer. London: Penguin, 1983. ---. The Metamorphosis. Trans. Stanley Corngold. New York: Bantam, 1972.      

Celies Life and Hard Times. :: English Literature

Celie's Life and Hard Times. Alice Walker vividly portrays the sad but apparent reality of life in the black rural communities of America during the mid-twentieth century. It is a time when the impacts of slavery are still prevalent. The relationships within families - as reflected in the novel - also feel this impact. In search of a means to overcome their inferiority in a society dominated by whites, men usually have their womenfolk provide them with the feeling of importance that they desire (such as the practice of addressing their husbands as Mr.______). This attitude towards women is made obvious on the very first page, depicting Celie's perception of her stepfather, "He never had a kine word to say to me. Just say You gonna do what your mammy wouldn't" (1). As Celie's life progresses, having given birth to two children - both of whom were taken away by her father - she is wed to Mr.______ unceremoniously. Pa, one the basis that she was too young, rejected the request for Nettie's hand in marriage to Mr.______. Instead he offers Celie, claiming she was the more viable candidate on the following grounds: She ugly. He say. But she ain't no stranger to hard work. And she clean. And God fixed her. You can do everything just like you want to and she ain't gonna make you feed it or clothe it. (9) Beginning from that day on Celie's life took an ever-downward sloping turn. She endures seeing Olivia with a new mother, the animosity of Harpo, taking care of Mr. ______'s children, and his abuse. Her relationship with Mr.______ is such that it could hardly be called a marriage. She was to do just as he said, without so much as uttering a word of disagreement. She no longer possesses a zeal for life: "My life stop when I left home . . ." (85). Each day is just another chore During this time Nettie had also experiences some trouble at home with Pa. After she realizes that to remain at home any longer would be a compromise to her safety she runs away to Mr.______'s home. There she is welcome since Mr.______ still thinks Nettie to be very attractive - but for a while only - as Nettie does not give in to his demands. When Mr.______ drives Nettie away, Celie experiences a loss so profound that it would take many years to undo the damage done. Up until that stage in Celie's life none had ever expressed any concern over herself. It was Nettie who ensured that Celie was literate, that Celie received an education, that Celie was not pushed around by

Importance Of Dream in Black Boy by Richard Wright :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The author of the story â€Å"Black boy†, Richard Wright, expressed the theme, the importance of dream by making readers relate to the situation in â€Å"Black Boy†. â€Å"Black Boy† is about this little boy who writes a story and the story’s title causes this uproar because it has the word hell in it. â€Å" The Voodoo on hell’s half acre† is the title of the story. The theme is importance of dream, and this theme relates to the story because the main character had a dream. Stayed with that dream, and he didn’t let what others said about him bother him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The theme importance of a dream relates to â€Å"Black Boy† because the boy decided to go for his dream. His dream was to become a writer, as seen on page 431, the narrator expressed that the boy woke up one day wanting to be a writer, and he then picked up his composition book and he wrote the story. He showed a way on how go with that dream and he had also had the courage to stay with that dream.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Also, The character had stayed with his dream; this is shown on pages 432-434. He had put so much time into that story that he took it to the editor himself. Once the editor got it he wanted a response immediately. That shows that he stuck with his dream, he wanted an immediate response from the editor. After that he wanted to know what was he going to do with the story. The main character had a dream, and he didn’t care what others said.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lastly, the main character in the story â€Å"Black boy† didn’t care what people said about his 3part story. He even was hurt by his own grandmother, (as seen on pages 432-

Analysis of a Pertinent Issue in Management from an Internet

Analysis of a Pertinent Issue in Management from an Internet Magazine ArticleThis is an analysis of Rodier’s (2007) write up focusing on the issue of risk management. First in the analysis is a discussion on risk management. Next, it embarks on the key points for a successful risk management. Finally, it weighs the soundness of the article’s recommendation.The Internet and digital transactions are a huge opportunity for businesses like banks and other financial institutions. Businesses may choose to exploit this opportunity or be petrified and refuse to jump in the next big thing. The first option requires risk management while the second option is plain risk avoidance that masks a bigger risk—that of being obsolete and hence, out of business. In the sample article, Rodier discusses risk management in the use or exploitation of a great business opportunity rather than being obsolete or out of business. Hence in this sense, risk management is really an issue of op portunity management. Simply put, a business action is a risk worth taking than inaction or doing nothing at all.Rodier’s key points for successful risk management are: a) industry collaboration; b) outsourcing specialized knowledge; and c) being informed about trends that are likely to turn into full blown threats in the operation of a business. Since the finance industry is affected as a whole, Rodier asserts that industry collaboration is necessary to counter a risk such as organized crime from all parts of the world. This is sound observation since the industry’s resources combined can be a great force in countering a serious threat. Moreover, faster learning curves in the industry will be possible to counter the growing community of cyber criminals. Outsourcing specialized knowledge also contributes to faster problem resolution while being informed makes businesses adapt to changes in terms of threats, vulnerabilities, and the various modus operandi of cyber crimi nals.Finally, the article’s final say in Josh William’s quote is very sound risk management advice. Processes, people and technologies indeed have to be consistently and constantly considered, reviewed, and changed. After all action is ultimately the best risk management strategy than doing nothing at all.ReferenceRodier, M. (2007). Online Security Attacks Against Financial Institutions Rapidly Increasing. WallStreet & Technology. US: CMP Media LLC. Retrieved October 7, 2007, from the WallStreet & Technology Web sites: http://www.wallstreetandtech.com/ showArticle.jhtml?articleID=201806928 for page 1 and http://www.wallstreetandtech.com/online-security-attacks-against-financial-institutions-rapidly-increasing/d/d-id/1258922?page_number=2 for page 2.Required Attachment of Reference – Page 1Online Security Attacks Against Financial Institutions Rapidly Increasing As the number of hack attacks continues to rise, experts say companies must use multiple factors of au thentication, risk analysis and people to protect themselves. By Melanie Rodier Wall Street & Technology September 17, 2007Hacking is a multibillion-dollar business. Gone are the days of teenagers sitting in their parents' basements trying to hack into a company's computer system just to prove a point. Today, hacking is an organized crime enterprise — and it is bigger than ever.The number of online hack attacks against banking organizations soared 81 percent in the first half of this year, according to U.S. security services provider SecureWorks. At the World Economic Forum in Davos earlier this year, Vint Cerf, one of the codevelopers of the TCP/IP standard that underlies all Internet traffic, said up to a quarter of computers on the Internet might currently be used by cyber criminals in so-called botnets. Botnets are made up of large numbers of computers that malicious hackers have brought under their control after infecting them with Trojan virus programs. While most owner s are oblivious to the infection, the networks of tens of thousands of computers are used to launch spam E-mail campaigns, denial-of-service attacks or online fraud schemes.Cerf, who now works for Google, likened the spread of botnets to a pandemic. Of the 600 million computers currently connected to the Internet, between 100 million and 150 million are already part of these botnets, he said.The dramatic rise in the number of hack attacks is being driven by the increase in transactions now taking place online. â€Å"People are depending on the Internet for all sorts of services, and as usage increases so does negative fraud,† explains Joe Stensland, SVP at Scivantage, a provider of Web-based front- and middle-office solutions for financial services.And as the stakes rise, so does the sophistication level of attacks. Today's IT attacks are regional, targeted after specific people and companies, and entirely driven by profit, experts warn.â€Å"Hackers are professional, motiva ted, have lots of cash and are doing it for the cash,† says David Rand, CTO of security firm Trend Micro. â€Å"It's all about the money, and the money is huge.† In today's underground economy, consumers' stolen account information is currently priced at $1,000 to $5,000, a credit card number with PIN is valued at $300, birth certificate information goes for $150, and a credit card number with security code and expiration date is currently valued at $7 to $25, according to Rand.A large number of hackers are based in Eastern Europe. â€Å"It's a big source of blackhat hackers who are finding vulnerabilities,† says Gartner analyst Peter Firstbrook. â€Å"But attacks are coming from all over. Malicious Web servers are evenly distributed across the world,† he adds, noting that attacks also originate in Brazil, India, Thailand, Argentina and the United States.An Elaborate UnderworldCriminals operate in an elaborate networked underworld of Web sites and chat roo ms, where they tout their wares and avidly recruit new members. They sell each other stolen account numbers, tools for making credit cards, scanners to pick up card numbers and PINs from ATMs, and viruses and other malicious software, relates Karim Zerhouni, an analyst with BearingPoint. Recently, he says, criminals were offering on the Internet a Trojan virus for $600.â€Å"They were even offering you one year of technical support for free with the Trojan,† Zerhouni adds. â€Å"With that you can target specific financial institutions to get all the information you want.†Bulletin boards used by fraudsters are often â€Å"set up like eBay, with a reputation system,† points out Louie Gasparini, chief technology officer for the consumer solutions business unit with security vendor RSA. â€Å"They'll say, ‘Hi, I'm a good fraudster — you can trust me.' Or, ‘Buyer beware — fraudster unverified,'† he explains. â€Å"Then you have secti ons talking about informants, where they'll say, ‘Don't do business with John. He ripped me off.' There's also a whole training section — Fraudster 101 — which shows how to change billing addresses of credit cards, how to change PINs. They talk about new scams and new vulnerabilities.†Online criminals are also quick to tailor their scams to any newsworthy event. When Wells Fargo's computer system crashed in August, knocking out its Internet, telephone and ATM banking services for several hours, criminals immediately started discussing plans on bulletin boards to send out E-mails to the bank's clients acknowledging the computer problems and asking victims to log on to phony Wells Fargo sites to validate their user information, which could then be used to steal their account information.Required Attachment of Reference – Page 2Online Security Attacks Against Financial Institutions Rapidly IncreasingAs the number of hack attacks continues to rise, exper ts say companies must use multiple factors of authentication, risk analysis and people to protect themselves. By Melanie Rodier Wall Street ; Technology September 17, 2007A Constant VigilSo how can companies protect themselves against the looming threat of hackers? One key is to be constantly aware of the threats lurking on the Internet. As such, security watchdog Financial Services Information Sharing and Analysis Center (FS-ISAC) announced a partnership with MessageOne to provide urgent, fully automated cyber (and physical) security alerts to its 4,000-member firms. Members are automatically notified of a new threat by their preferred method of communication — cell phone, E-mail, home phone, etc. Firms also receive recommendations for solutions and can join conference calls to brainstorm about the threats.Smaller organizations that might not have invested in top-notch security need to be particularly vigilant. â€Å"Everyone is going to concentrate on [large institutions s uch as] Citigroup,† says BearingPoint's Zerhouni. But since a bigger firm usually has relatively tight security, â€Å"The value of hacking into them is not very high,† he adds. But a small community bank with lesser defenses still might have more than $100 million in assets, Zerhouni notes.Security professionals agree that multifactor authentication is essential. You have to make sure the people who come through the front door are who they say they are. Experts suggest that employees or clients should input at least two or three nuggets of information before they receive access to a network.To prevent phishing, users also can be asked to recognize a picture they had previously selected. Tokens, which are increasingly popular in the financial industry and are used by firms such as JPMorgan, provide a new six- or seven-digit password every 15 seconds — a better method than trying to commit a range of different passwords to human memory. (According to a recent RSA survey, almost a quarter of employees are required to remember 15 passwords or more at work.)But while having multiple layers of security is important, it is not enough. â€Å"Once hackers are able to phish for one thing, they can phish for others. Plus, it won't protect you from inside threats, such as if an employee puts an infected USB device in their own office computer,† says Zerhouni. â€Å"This happened at one bank, and 5,000 credit reports were compromised.†Ultimately, experts say, the best solution is to use multiple methods of authentication in conjunction with risk analysis — looking at someone's normal behavior, such as an IP address usually located in Manhattan, and verifying that this behavior is consistent.Bank of America, for instance, uses RSA's SiteKey to help clients recognize that they're at the valid online banking site at Bank of America, rather than at a phony look-alike site, and to help the bank recognize the clients as the true owners o f the accounts. SiteKey is made up of three parts: an image, an image title and three challenge questions. If a user suddenly signs on from a different computer, the bank asks one of the client's challenge questions to verify his or her identity. If answered correctly, the secret SiteKey image title and image will then appear.However, no single method is foolproof. Ultimately, says Josh Williams, manager in the business consulting practice for Devon, Pa.-based SMART Business Advisory and Consulting, â€Å"Any solution has to be a blend of processes and people and

Managing Stress and a Balance Lifestyle within the Profession of Nursing

The power to make a difference was the strategy campaign utilized by a recruitment organization to promote awareness and spark of interest in nursing careers among youth. Research demonstrates today’s youth enter nursing for the same reason nurses in the past have chosen nursing: which is to help people or make a difference in people’s lives (Bevill). Presently, nursing practice is considerably the largest healthcare profession globally. Private homes, schools, long term care facility, hospitals, community facilities, industry, physician's offices, military and civil service arenas is the range of   work settings that the said medical profession   may be administered. Nurses act in alliance with social workers, physicians, nurse practitioners, physical therapists and other health professionals in providing care delivery. In functioning as front line members of the health care delivery team, patient advocacy is one of most significant responsibility bestowed upon nurses. Acting as care provider is the profession's chief duty along with other challenging roles which comprises of being patient educator, researcher and counselor. This profession includes providing emotional and physical care, comfort, health monitoring of patients, health education and crisis intervention, tasks directed by physicians, discharge planning, and empowering patients toward healthy behavior. Though highly honored and considered prized associates of the medical team, crises among nurses are tremendously increasing. Health problems, physical and emotional stress, sexual harassment and staffing shortages are the major reasons that concern nurse retention. The profession’s work conditions contribute mainly to shortage. â€Å"Nurses eat their young† is the famous lines in a 1976 movie classic and the vilest statement coming from new nurses. It is called horizontal hostility, which is aggressive behavior such as bullying, verbal abuse, and violence directed at co-workers who are on the same power level. And it is born out of a sense of powerlessness (Bartholomew). It is the most frequent issue among newly graduates given that many have observed that older or senior nurses tend to become unhelpful, unaccommodating, and fault-finding in terms of their dealings with new nurses. They are seemingly called the â€Å"workplace bullies†, they take pleasure in looking at new nurses muddle up with performing their assigned tasks instead of helping their work buddies and acting as caring and supportive mentor. According to a Peter D. Hart Research Associates study (April 2001), the top reason why nurses leave patient care, besides retirement, is to see a job that is less stressful and less physically demanding (56%).When asked what the biggest problem with nursing is, respondents who were in active nursing practice cited understaffing (39%) and the stress and physical demands of the job (Aiken 12). Restructuring programs done by most hospitals only brought further burden to nurses since it affected workload, roles and authority. These programs include cutting back of auxiliary staffs which suggested that nurses do the lifting and turning of patients and getting more patients to care for means increase in mistakes and stress.   These are the working conditions that cause anxiety and stress to nurses. Exposure to risks such as physical stress and health problems like back pain and chronic fatigue due to obese patients that were lifted by the nurses which supposedly be the duty of auxiliary staffs. Nurses work overtime, research shows high divorce rate among health care professionals. They work more than 16 hours sometimes double shift instead of 8-12 hours normal work schedule. This includes going to work on holidays when their entire family is at home while they look after patients. Another example of occupational hazard among nurses is sexual harassment. Nurses are the targets of sexual assaults may it be offensive jokes, unwanted winks, and touching. Tension among nurses happens since they have to maintain a wall between self-protection and professional responsibility. Nurses came to feel that they would meet a wall of physician resistance to their own care goals unless they subtly manipulated the physicians, whose fragile egos seemed to require that significant care be all their idea. Gordon argues that nurses even developed their own obfuscatory language to ensure that they were not perceived as â€Å"diagnosing,† â€Å"treating† or â€Å"curing† patients, which could mean encroaching on â€Å"medical† turf. Poor communication between the professions is common, and bad relations with physicians are a major factor in nurse burnout (Gordon). This kind of incidence in the workplace brings dilemma and stress to nurses. Most nurses try to behave professionally by still remaining courteous to physicians and reluctant to speak up. In relation to nurse behavior, according to American Nurses Association survey found that 55 percent of nurses disheartened by their experience in the profession would not recommend a nursing career to their children and friends. And one study has shown that if a hospital's nurses are unhappy, chances are that their patients are unhappy as well (Aiken 20). According to researchers, nurses who are the target of bullying are prone to developing psychological side effects including post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression or insomnia, all of which can lead to poor work performance. In the report, Health Care at the Crossroads: Strategies for Addressing the Evolving Nursing Crisis, the Joint Commission suggests facilities that find bullying and intimidation to be a problem should adopt a zero-tolerance policy to enforce proper behavior in the workplace. The report also calls for the hospital to be held accountable for educational initiatives so all staff members understand what is considered inappropriate behavior (Sounart). Works Cited Aiken, Linda. â€Å"Health Care at the Crossroads: Strategies for Addressing the Evolving Nursing Crisis.† JointCommission. 23 February 2007. Joint Commission on Accreditation of   Healthcare Organizations. 2 May 2008. ; http://www.jointcommission.org/NR/rdonlyres/5C138711-ED76-4D6F-909F-B06E0309F36D/0/health_care_at_the_crossroads.pdf;. Bartholomew, Kathleen. â€Å"Why Nurses Eat Their Young†¦ A look at nurse-to-nurse hostility and why it occurs.† RealityRN. 4 March 2008. New Nurses Real Conversation. 2 May 2008. http://www.realityrn.com/more-articles/power-authority/why-nurses-eat-their-young%E2%80%A6/542/. Bevill, Billy. â€Å"Nursing: The Power to Make a Difference Campaign.† NC.   1 March 2001. NC Center for Nursing. 2 May 2008. ; http://www.ga.unc.edu/NCCN/recruitmentandretention/youth/resourcescampaign.htm;. Gordon, Suzanne. â€Å"Nursing Against the Odds: How Health Care Cost-Cutting, Media Stereotypes, and Medical Hubris Undermine Nursing and Patient Care.† Nursing Advocacy. 19 July 2005. Cornell University Press. 2 May 2008. ;http://www.nursingadvocacy.org/media/books/nursing_against_odds.html;. Sounart, Amanda. â€Å"Many Nurses Report Abusive Treatment at Work.† Travel Nursing. 2008. AMN Healthcare, Inc. 2 May 2008. ;http://www.travelnursing.com/News.aspx?ArticleID=17746;. ; ;