Saudi Aramco Organisational Innovation

Unique This paper expects to investigate the issue of advancement at Saudi Aramco. Progress isn't simply founded on the caring frameworks received by an association. With respect to the instance of Aramco, information framework has been comprehended to comprise of innovation, culture and structures. The significance of information the executives in the association additionally should be upheld by process architectures.Advertising We will compose a custom contextual investigation test on Saudi Aramco Organizational Innovation explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such designs ought to have the option to encourage obtaining, transformation and use of significant hierarchical abilities for the powerful treatment of the information. Assurance of the information is another basic element of these structures. The fundamental point of scholarly capital and information the executives should be clarified through development in the association. Review and Objective of Case Stud y Implementation of information the executives frameworks, just as use of scholarly capital in associations doesn't show execution or progress all alone. Information foundation in Aramco, for example, has been shown to comprise of innovation, culture and structures. The value of information the executives in the association ought to likewise be sponsored by process models. The models ought to encourage obtaining, transformation and utilization of significant hierarchical capacities for the viable administration of the information. Assurance of the information is another fundamental element of these structures. A definitive aftereffects of scholarly capital and information the executives ought to be made clear through hierarchical advancement. The accompanying investigation investigates Saudi Aramco hierarchical development. The Concept of Organizational Innovation In the cutting edge world, all business must know about the term advancement and how they can apply it in their activiti es. As per Abdi and AmatSenin (2014), advancement involves inventiveness. Development includes making a move with respect to inventive thoughts. The fruitful execution of inventive thoughts inside a specific association results to advancement (Dadfara, Dahlgaarda, Bregea Alamirhoor, 2013). The definitions uncover that imagination, regardless of whether by groups or people comprises the underlying purpose of advancement. One of the perspectives shows innovativeness as the primary basic advance to development while the second promoters for usage. Despite the fact that the principal perspective is fundamental, the condition isn't productive for the latter.Advertising Looking for contextual investigation on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Dadfara et al. (2013), development is essentially an administration or hierarchical procedure. Under the differing perspectives, innovativeness is seen as the establishment of development. The effective execution of inventive thoughts in any association is henceforth advancement. The perspectives additionally uncover that in spite of the fact that innovativeness can be displayed by an individual, development, then again, happens under the setting of an association as it were. The idea of hierarchical advancement for the most part implies instruments utilized by associations so as to adjust to different conditions (Doroodian, et al., 2014). The progressions can incorporate rivalry and mechanical headways. Associations additionally try to adjust to advertise extension through more up to date frameworks, procedures and items. Therefore, hierarchical advancement is, â€Å"the propensity of the association to grow new or improved items/administrations and its accomplishment in bringing those items/administrations to the market† (Gumusluoglu Ilsev, 2009, p.467). Convenience is the inalienable component in development. It recogniz es advancement from creation as the last doesn't really need to display down to earth application. In business associations, for example, Saudi Aramco, the essential want is for developments to make a commitment towards execution. Saudi Aramco’s Background and Focus of the Study Khursani, Bazuhair and Khan (2011) have shown for their situation investigation of Saudi Aramco that the organization licensed innovation and information the executives frameworks are extremely broad. One of the significant explanations behind the organization putting resources into these frameworks is so as to build up the abilities of the firm, boss among them being development. Organization information the executives frameworks, for example, ShareK, among others, have an incredible ability of driving the authoritative innovation.Advertising We will compose a custom contextual investigation test on Saudi Aramco Organizational Innovation explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Business associations working locally in Saudi Arabia or universally have understood that the worldwide condition presents them with testing rivalry. The tendency towards intensity has brought about the ID of development as being extremely urgent to benefit and endurance in the data age. Saudi Aramco as one of these associations needs to guarantee that development in a unique procedure as well as iterative. The authoritative advancement procedure ought to encourage creation and distinguishing proof of thoughts, just as their turn of events. The result ought to be applied in the arrangement of administrations, forms, items, strategies and structures that are new to the organization. As per Khursani, Bazuhair and Khan (2011), ShareK used in Saudi Aramco has three significant goals. The underlying reason included advancing organization, to help improve abilitiy. The target clearly looks to have decrease concerning repetition in endeavors. Basically, Saudi Aramco gloats of various advances, dat abases and arrangements which are connected through ShareK. Another target involves gathering of information from the framework, so as to broaden the innovation and apparatuses utilized in the organization (Khursani, Bazuhair Khan, 2011). The general wanted result of ShareK is, be that as it may, expanding Saudi Aramco’s scholarly capital and execution improvement prompting operational greatness. Notwithstanding the turns of events, it is clear that Saudi Aramco scholarly capital and information the board have focused on employees’ and ability improvement. Subsequently, the association needs to saddle the broad advantages got from these frameworks to progress hierarchical advancement. Authoritative Innovation Flow in Saudi Aramco from Exploiting Data and Analytics The principle point putting on advancement capacity is so as to set up the fitting advances, or creation of wares or administrations that react to advertise needs satisfactorily (Razavi Attarnezhad, 2013).Adv ertising Searching for contextual analysis on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Likewise, advancement capacity ought to likewise have the option to empower an association reacts to serious conditions just as startling innovative turns of events. Evidently, the capacity to react and adjust to showcase elements depends on the speed and proficiency of an association to react to changes. Peruse (2000), presents authoritative advancement ability as a multifaceted turn of events, that displays numerous viewpoints which both the supervisors and specialists need to have. A portion of the components of authoritative advancement capacities incorporate learning, just as innovative work abilities. Others incorporate assembling, showcasing, authoritative, vital and asset misusing capacities. The different development abilities show that authoritative advancement addresses all parts of a firm’s tasks. The scope of these perspectives is the board procedure, human asset advancement, information the board, scholarly capital and market elements. Evidently, Saudi Aramco aut horitative inovation should be grown further, since the current organization structure, culture and human capital are insufficient. Hierarchical development ability can be improved by bringing a few highlights into the organization scholarly capital and information the board, and furthermore in the activities work. The primary zone of progress ought to be an authoritative vision and technique with an emphasis on the advancement of development in the organization. Obviously, the current statement of purpose of the organization delivers this prerequisite to a point. As indicated by Khursani, Bazuhair and Khan (2011), the 2020 vital strategic to be â€Å"the world’s driving coordinated vitality and synthetic compounds organization encouraging the Kingdom’s manageable monetary development in an information economy; and empowering a high-development, energetic Saudi vitality sector.† The crucial a critical advance towards regulating advancement in Saudi Aramco. As in dicated by Razavi and Attarnezhad (2013), enunciation of the normal crucial encourages assurance of the length of inventiveness, prompting effective methodology detailing. Saudi Aramco technique for advancement ought to dishearten deviation of intrigue and consideration towards acknowledgment of this objective. For example, Saudi Aramco has just left on improvement of a retail advertise for the organization subsequent to being in the business for various years. The organization ought to later on show creativity by being market pioneers as far as creating and putting resources into new markets. The ongoing activity has maybe been energized by the company’s upgraded scholarly capital and information the board advancements. The second angle in creating advancement abilities in Saudi Aramco ought to draw on the skill base. The idea infers the capability of an association in overseeing and assigning assets in a fitting way, to regions which encourage inventive yield. The informati on the board activities in Saudi Aramco bear witness to the degree of orga

Forefront In Implementing Clinical Setting â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk About The Forefront In Implementing Clinical Setting? Answer: Presentation EBP is at present a prevalent consideration model which has increased worldwide acknowledgment in the assistance of moving exploration proof into the best clinical practice. The employments of EBP include the combination of best accessible data, clinical ability and the estimations of a patient with the end goal for them to accomplish ideal wellbeing results (Brown, 2010).Therefore it is a significant methodology in fortifying the nursing practice. The Australian government has in such manner created nursing guidelines which center around nursing that medical caretakers grasp EBP in their training. This conversation presents the reasons why medical attendants ought to be at the cutting edge in actualizing EBP, remembering a survey for the significance of EBP to the improvement of patient results. It likewise features the means of EBP in a clinical setting and the reasons with regards to why there is requirement for help and preparing to empower medical caretakers play the lead job in giving EBP How Evidence Based Practice Improves Patient Health Outcomes There are various advantages that EBP application in the clinical setting acquires respect to improving a patients wellbeing results. First EBP empowers the arrangement of a greater consideration for patients in the clinical setting (Cashin Cook, 2011).This is on the grounds that medical caretakers as a team with other interdisciplinary colleagues consolidate the most recent inquired about proof which they use in arrangement of patient consideration. Besides, proof based practice stages where wellbeing experts cooperate through online systems empower medical attendants to with respect to most recent proposals on tolerant consideration. The medical attendants in this manner can discover suggestions concerning their inquiries so they furnish the patient with the best clinical consideration. EBP additionally empowers the patient to get care convenient and productively inside the best clinical condition. This depends on the understanding that EBP upgrades an attendant certainty, their fl exibility to quiet circumstances, improves their nursing abilities, their basic reasoning and furthermore illuminates their dynamic preparing (Cashin Cook, 2011). This is on the grounds that they will continually be assessing various materials to help their individual practice. It is likewise essential to show that EBP practice improves the patient results by upgrading attachment inside the clinical interdisciplinary groups as it helps in characterizing every others job in arrangement of value care dependent on the most recent proof available(Brown, 2010). Likewise EBP is related with lower costs and more secure social insurance for patients as it accentuates on the proficiency and adequacy of the accessible restricted assets when contrasted with customary nursing care. Further, EBP decreases the length of medical clinic remain for patients who have been conceded. This is on the grounds that care arrangement is moment and in accordance with the patients requirements for brisk recupe ration. How EBP Is Applied Theoretically and Clinically Hypothetical and clinical use of EBP is done methodicallly. It includes the utilization of most recent hypotheses in look into which have anyway been demonstrated to advise the arrangement regarding the best patient consideration in the clinical setting (Cashin Cook, 2011).The medical caretakers and social insurance experts study significant research, different master suppositions and wind up distinguishing the best ways to deal with give patients ideal human services. Hypothetical and clinical utilization of EBP follows the way toward; posing related inquiry; looking through any most recent research; fusing ones clinical experience; obliging the inclinations of the patient and; applying the aftereffects of the examination. This ought to be trailed by an assessment of the hypothetical and clinical application and its impact on tolerant results (Rebar Gersch, 2015). With respect to bringing up the issue, a medical attendant should utilize the organization which catches the primary par ts of the issue. The quest for most recent research includes the get together of the proof that is generally proper in tending to the recognized issue. The proof needs basic assessment so as to decide if it is substantial (Levin Feldman, 2013). Significant, appropriate or not in the clinical setting. While a portion of the proof may be hypothetically relevant, a specific clinical setting may not permit its full usage. It is in this manner up to the medical caretaker to decide proof pertinence. Digestion of the suitable hypothesis into clinical practice should then be possible trailed by ceaseless checking and assessment for adequacy. Reasons with respect to why Nurses Should Be At the Fore-Front in Implementing EBP in the Clinical Setting The primary explanation with regards to why a RN should be at the bleeding edge in the usage of EBP in clinical setting is on the grounds that they are required as standard of training to think basically and break down nursing practice. This is in accordance with Standard 1 of the NMBA (2016). In such manner the medical attendant ought to have the option to utilize various potential methodologies including the best proof accessible to advise their choices on the arrangement regarding nursing care that is protected and of high caliber. The enrolled nurture should have the option to asses, dissect this specific proof and fuse it in the arrangement of care. (Standard 1 sub area 1.1 gets to, examinations, and utilizations the best accessible proof, that incorporates inquire about discoveries, for sheltered, quality practice). From the assessment of fruitful proof based choice, the attendant ought to think about their encounters to reinforce their expert aptitude as indicated by the nursi ng norms (Rebar Gersch, 2015). Further, it is additionally a standard of training angle that Registered attendants in playing the lead job to execute EBP in the clinical setting; they likewise add to the improvement of nature of medicinal services and on any further research( Standard 1 subsection 1.7 adds to quality improvement and applicable research). In this manner since basic reasoning and examination is a piece of their standard of training; medical attendants must lead as to the usage of EBP. Furthermore, RNs have the duty to keep up their training ability as per standard 3 of the NSRN of 2016. In such manner, it is dependent upon the medical attendants to guarantee that they are prepared to do completely rehearsing in the clinical setting. Obviously they are answerable for their own individual expert turn of events. They are in actuality mindful in adding to the expert advancement of themselves and individual attendants inside the clinical setting (Standard 3 Subsection 3.3 utilizations a deep rooted learning approach for proceeding with proficient improvement of self as well as other people). All the more explicitly, the guidelines of practices show that a RN ought to be at the front line in looking for and reacting to nursing practice audits and input. This is the methodology utilized in proof practice where audit and criticism are vital in shaping future practice on a comparable clinical case (Standard 3 Subsection 3.5 looks for and reacts to rehearse survey and input ). Standard 3 of the NMBA (2016) likewise accentuates on the requirement for Registered Nurses to be effectively captivating in their calling, recognizing and advancing their nursing jobs in affecting better wellbeing results for their patients. Proof based practice usage necessitates that medical caretakers take an interest effectively in drawing in individual experts to guarantee that the data they have is at per with the most recent prerequisite of clinical practice(Rebar Gersch, 2015). These conditions are just conceivable and can be met when Registered Nurses play the front job of acknowledging and connecting effectively in proof based practice. Further, medical caretakers must be at the bleeding edge in the execution of EBP as it causes them in the improvement of nursing plans for their patients in the clinical setting (Levin Feldman, 2013). Proof put together practice underscores with respect to the requirement for attendants to depend on the most recent research in creating nursing plans for patients with explicit wellbeing needs that are actually like those of patients who have just been overseen before(Hedges Williams, 2015). It additionally remember the need to look for master guidance for thinking of the nursing plan. In accordance with Standard 5 of the NMBA (2016), Registered Nurses have the duty to design and convey nursing practice plans to their patients, family and the interdisciplinary groups in the clinical setting. The standard calls for requirement for association in organizing of nursing plans and this implies; there is requirement for interview remembering specialists as exhorted for EBP. It is additionall y demonstrated that the arrangement must be in accordance with the Nurses examination of any accessible proof that is important and far reaching. There is have to survey the most fitting accessible information as well as proof to build nursing plans that are viable (Standard 5.1 uses appraisal information and best accessible proof to build up an arrangement). These incorporate those that have possibilities, inclinations, objectives, and time periods of explicit intercessions and activities that are proof based. The medical attendant ought to likewise have the option to demonstrate the checking and assessment procedure of the nursing plan and how they will be completed (Standard 5.4 plans and haggles how practice will be assessed and the time span of commitment). This is in accordance with the last advance of EBP process which stresses on the requirement for observing, assessment and examination of proof based practice clinical application (Cashin Cook, 2011). It is along these lines basic that medical attendants be ahead in the usage of EBP. While it is a necessity for Registered Nurses to be leaders in actualizing EBP in the clinical setting, it isn't plausible for them to do as such without unique preparing and backing in EBP. The main significance of preparing and backing in this specific documented is that it causes the medical caretaker to have expanded information in the usage of both proof based practice and proof based learning (Cashin Cook, 2011).Knowledge in this p

How to Identify the Subject in French

Step by step instructions to Identify the Subject in French The subjectâ is theâ noun or pronoun in a provision or sentence that plays out the activity of the action word. To locate the subject, ask who or what is playing out the activity ofâ the action word. It is vital to perceive the subject because French action words areâ conjugated as per the number, individual and sexual orientation of the subject thing or the subject pronoun. David lave la voiture.â /David is washing the vehicle. Who is washing the vehicle? David is, so David is the subject. Subject Pronouns Subject pronouns supplant the particular names of individuals or things: Solitary   1st person   je  I   2nd personâ â tuâ youâ â â 3rd personâ â â ilâ he, it/elleâ she, it/ onâ one PLURAL  â first personâ â â nousâ â weâ â â 2nd personâ â vousâ youâ â â 3rd personâ â â ilsâ they (m)/ ellesâ they (f) The French subject pronounâ on is an uncertain pronoun that implies one, we, you and they. Its frequently identical to the Englishâ passive voice.   On ne devrait pas fake cette question.   One shouldnt pose that inquiry. /You shouldnt ask that quesiton. Note that, in contrast to the English I, the Frenchâ jeâ is possibly promoted when it starts a sentence; else it is lowercase. Subjects in Sentences Regardless of whether sentences be proclamations, outcries, questions, or orders, there is constantly a subject, eitherâ stated or suggested. Just in an order is the subject not expressly expressed; it is inferred by the basic conjugation of the action word. Sentences can be isolated into a subject (un sujet)â and a predicate (un prã ©dicat). The subject is the individual or thing playing out the activity, and the predicate is the remainder of the sentence, which for the most part starts with the verb.Je suis professeur. Suject: Je. Prã ©dicat:â suis professeur. I am a teacherSubject: I. Predicate: am a teacher. La jeune fille est mignonne Sujet: La jeune fille. Prà ©dicat: est mignonne.â The little youngster is cute.Subject: The young lady. Predicate: is adorable.

Lies Youve Been Told About Ap Language and Composition Adversity Essay Student Samples

Lies You've Been Told About Ap Language and Composition Adversity Essay Student Samples When you own a thesis, think about your principal topic and discover words that relate to it in various ways. You wouldn't need the individual grading your essay to suppose that you're lacking in style and grammar. Students receive a 15-minute reading period to accommodate the extra reading necessary for the question. If at all possible, begin at the start of the semester. The Characteristics of Ap Language and Composition Adversity Essay Student Samples You will find out more about the subject, and you'll have more vocabulary words to enrich the essay. When you compose the essay, you should choose a single side to concentrate on. Argue Both Sides in case you have to compose a longer or more elaborate essay, it may help to outline each side of the argument before you begin writing. It should encompass your whole essay in only 1 sentence. Therefore, many students and employees decide to acquire inexpensive essay rather than writing it themselves. As you may use some of exactly the same material in a number of essays, note that every one of your secondary essays will be radically different from 1 anotherdo not simply find and replace the university name when keeping the other material intact! When you're writing an English essay, you have zero chance to verify your paper by another individual. Reading good essays written by other people would help you realize that difference. Your exam is broken into portions. Before you learn to study for the particular portions of the AP Language exam, it's time to learn to study for AP courses generally speaking. Then, when you have answered all the questions that you feel more confident about, return to the tougher questions, if time permits. The use of the secondary application is to demonstrate why you would like to be part of the particular programs to which you applied. Additionally, by arguing for the other side of your opinion, you are going to learn which points you want to better address in your essay. In the event the answer is yes, attempt to structure your argument in order for your points build off one another. Approach the question from every side of the potential argument it poses. The argument itself may even appear scattered and all over the area. What You Must Know About Ap Language and Composition Adversity Essay Student Samples Moreover, medical schools already know about all the programs and resources they provide, and that means you wouldn't be providing much value via your writing. While there'll be some amount of overlap between each program's application, do make sure your essays really take every one of the characteristics listed in part 3 into account when crafting your essays. As you generally won't obtain all requests for secondary application materials at the identical time, you may wind up needing to prioritize your responses should they start to develop into overwhelming. A good deal of programs incorporate a shorter essay asking you to incorporate any extra information which you feel is important to your application. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Ap Language and Composition Adversity Essay Student Samples The cost of an essay depends upon the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. Though the writer's ideas are usually understandable, the constraint of language is often immature. Make your own excitement about the prompt and what you need to say about doing it. You don't have a lot of time to spend trying to earn each and every portion of your essays perfect. Finding out how to handle it's a skill that's very important to each part of life, particularly when it comes to school. You are able to trust us to help you locate the very best college for your demands. For instance, if a school focuses a good deal on community service and you've got similar experiences, mentio n that. High school isn't free in Kenya. Finding the Best Ap Language and Composition Adversity Essay Student Samples Among the rules in handling adversity in life is that you're only as free as your well-developed alternatives. Our lives can become pretty hectic and it can be simple to get lost in our actions. There are several inspiring stories of individuals who overcame seemingly insurmountable odds. You've overcome your adversity and there's not any reason to embellish the information. The Upside to Ap Language and Composition Adversity Essay Student Samples If you can't determine what the question is, return and reread the prompt. When it's more than 1 problem, write out clear definitions of all of the problems that together constitute what it is that you're worrying about at this time. Step One Define the issue clearly. Make certain that it's a single issue. The One Thing to Do for Ap Language and Composition Adversity Essay Student Samples When people online are n't polite, they don't fret about their tone in any way, and it offends people. So long as you're asking questions, you're expanding the array of alternatives and possibilities that are open to you. Most times, most individuals let small things defeat them. In summary, struggling to overcome adversities is not too straightforward but once an individual makes to overcome them, they become a lot stronger person. At the close of the calendar year, it's your responsibility to ensure you understand everything to produce a 5 on the AP exam. Writing an outline offers you a starting point for getting what you need to say on paper. When you learn your very first new topic or cover an essential notion, review it that night. AP instructors are given a score sheet showing the individual score for every one of their students, along with some score info and national averages.

Poem, Birches And Out, Out By Robert Frost - 1116 Words

Theme, Figurative Speech and Tones in â€Å"Birches† and â€Å"Out, Out† by Robert Frost Robert Frost was born in 1874 in San Francisco. Descended from the New Englanders generations, his parents, make Robert Frost is much associated with New England. In addition, most of his poems were well-known as a reflection from New England life. Despite that, he was a kind of subtle poet and generally recognized as a private man. Moreover, his appearance at the inauguration of John F. Kennedy to recite â€Å"The Gift Outright† for the millions of American was one of the most moving appearance of himself (Meyer 835). Besides that, two years before his death, he was named as poet laureate of Vermont. He also received many awards throughout his life as a poet; Pulitzer Prize, the Bollingen Prize and a Congressional Medal (Meyer 835). Some of his work connected to reality and responsibility theme, using metaphor to evoke mental images and tones to signify poem’s attitud e. First and foremost, the reality and responsibility theme are connected to some of Frost’s poetry. For an instance, in â€Å"Birches,† the speaker of the poem wishes that he could somehow swinging on the tree birches like he did in his childhood. Every time, the speaker see the birches bend, he tend to think of boy’s swinging on them. He wishes that he could swing on the birches as he did in his childhood and escape to heaven. However, he need to accept the reality that he is an adult and cannot leave his responsibility on earth. TheShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Birches By Robert Frost1711 Words   |  7 PagesEarth. Robert Frost features this idea through his poem â€Å"Birches.† Frost discusses this idea through a falsehood, for, at first glance the meaning of the poem is significantly different than the deeper meaning. Although â€Å"Birches† seems to be about a child frolicking through the trees, Frost’s â€Å"Birches† is actually about how people act cruelly towards nature and how they should change their ways to respect the earth, because the tenor, the form and vehicle, and critical interpretation. Robert Frost’sRead MoreEssay on Birches by Robert Frost1131 Words   |  5 PagesBirches I believe so much of poetry enlists the senses, beginning with the sense of sound. Whether it’s the rhythmic flow of the poem or the mere need to recite the words for a clearer understanding. The sense of sight can’t help but participate while one reads a poem. It’s like asking an artist to paint how he feels. Imagery is a key part of poetry creating a visual understanding. In the end poetry give a voice to the unsayable in our lives and indeed to life itself. After reading â€Å"Birches†Read MoreEssay Analysis of Birches by Robert Frost824 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Birches by Robert Frost In the poem Birches by Robert Frost, Frost portrays the images of a child growing to adulthood through the symbolism of aging birch trees. Through these images readers are able to see the reality of the real world compared to their carefree childhood. The image of life through tribulation is the main focal point of the poem and the second point of the poem is if one could revert back to the simpler times of childhood. The language of the poem is entirelyRead MorePoet: Robert Frost Essay1099 Words   |  5 PagesPoets use imagery to convey meaning, feelings, and emotions. The contemporary poet best know for his use of imagery is Robert Frost. The Road Not Taken, opened the eyes of poetic readers and critics to Frost’s artistic creations. He uses forms of language such as diction and syntax to capture and move the reader. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When read literally Robert Frost’s Birches is the speakers observations of the birch trees in a calm New England setting. The speaker sees the permanent bend ofRead MoreLearning From The Past Essay1128 Words   |  5 Pagesread a poem it has a certain mood to it, and these moods can tell a lot about the feelings of the people that were alive during the time that it was written. Poems from the past, like everything else help to teach people now about what happened in the past. Many of these things are bad because the only way to make sure that history does not repeat itself is to teach future generations about what happened in the past and hope that they can see why it should never happen again. Robert Frost is a poetRead More The Theme of Life and Death in Birches, by Robert Frost Essay989 Words   |  4 PagesThe Theme of Life and Death in Birches, by Robert Frost The poem Birches, by Robert Frost, illustrates the authors ability to take what seems to be the mundane activities of life and turn it into something that holds a deeper meaning. The poem taken literally revolves around a boy living on the New England countryside whose only play was what he found himself, in this case, riding birch branches. The poem is very literal in language but by analyzing each line, different themes and interpretationsRead MoreThe Poetry of Robert Lee Frost810 Words   |  3 Pageswords,† Robert Frost once said. As is made fairly obvious by this quote, Frost was an adroit thinker. It seems like he spent much of his life thinking about the little things. He often pondered the meaning and symbolism of things he found in nature. Many readers find Robert Frost’s poems to be straightforward, yet his work contains deeper layers of complexity beneath the surface. These deeper layers of complexity can be clearly seen in his poems â€Å" The Road Not Take n†, â€Å"Fire and Ice†, and â€Å"Birches†. RobertRead MoreEssay on Memories, Nature, Hardship in Robert Frosts Poem, Birches739 Words   |  3 PagesThe poem â€Å"Birches† is another one of Robert Frost great poem of using nature to get his point of view of life into the readers mind. Throughout the poem it seems as if Frost is trying to show things of life that could be hardships, friendships, sadness, memories, or etc. Frost uses memories, nature and hardships to describe different times of life in this poem. In this poem of birches the speaker seems to reminisce a lot on his youth days. He wants to go back to the days of swinging on tree limbsRead MoreRobert Frost Alienation Essay845 Words   |  4 PagesMany of Robert Frost poems, such as Birches, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, Mending Wall, and many others all display alienation. Robert Frost loved writing poem about nature and urban areas as well. In most of these poems Robert Frost portrays alienation, this could be, because he himself experienced alienation. Alienation means to feel like youre lonely, it is not literally being alone. You can be in a crowded of hundreds of people and still feel alone, or left out. We all experience AlienationRead MoreThe Theme Of Birches By Robert Frost1065 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Birches† by Robert Frost Have you ever walked through a frozen forest? Well, Robert Frost will take you on a journey through the forest in his poem, â€Å"Birches.† He also takes readers on a journey through life and memories. The main character of the poem, the speaker, is an old man, who throughout the poem’s story, is looking back on his childhood. When he walks through the forest, he sees the broken tree branches and thinks back to a time when those broken branches were created by swinging on them

Life Of Pi Paragraphs Synopsis - 1537 Words

Life of Pi Paragraphs Plot: 92 Chapter 92 is a story of its own. It begins by exciting the reader with something new: an island, then it continues by describing the new lifestyle. Most of the chapter feels like a sort of relief from the horrible journey through the ocean and it calms the reader. In the end of the chapter, the plot twist where the organism is actually carnivorous feels like a betrayal because Pi was given a happy, relaxing life, only to have it violently snatched from him yet again. It is apparent that Pi wishes that he had not found out about the organism’s secret because he says â€Å"Ah, how I wish that moment had never been! But for it I might have lived there for years-why, for the rest of my life on that island.† (Martel 310)This shows that he is so happy there that he would have preferred to unknowingly live on an island that is trying to eat him than to know and therefore leave the island. Overall, I enjoyed reading the plot of chapter 92 because it was full of twists and turn s that made it exciting and different from the repetitive feel of the rest of the book. Characterization: 43 Chapter 43 used a small amount of direct characterization and lots of indirect characterization to describe the hyena. The only direct characterization was really when Pi told the reader that the hyena is â€Å"An animal to pain the eye and chill the heart.†(129). The evidence for this was much more specific and in the form of indirect characterization. We were given examples ofShow MoreRelated Fraternities and Why They are Misunderstood Essay4592 Words   |  19 PagesFraternities and Why They are Misunderstood Fraternities have been a major part of student life at universities all over the world since the beginning of the 20th century. For many students they have offered an improvement in social life, more friends, opportunities for athletics, and a great sense of brotherhood. Unfortunately, since their beginning fraternities have been questioned about their activities. Many people today think that they subject their members to harmful acts better knownRead MoreCleanth Brookss Essay Irony as a Principle of Structure9125 Words   |  37 Pagesunduly neglected, above all those which are indispensable for understanding the coherent structure of that method from the point of view Of logic as well as content. As a consequence it has become difficult, if not almost impossible, to understand the life nerve of that method, namely the dialectic. We cannot do justice to the concrete, historical dialectic without considering in some detail the founder of this method, Hegel, and his relation to Marx. Marx’s warning not to treat Hegel as a ‘dead dog’Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesStress-Reduction Techniques 144 SKILL ANALYSIS 147 Cases Involving Stress Management 147 The Turn of the Tide 147 The Case of the Missing Time 150 SKILL PRACTICE 155 Exercises for Long-Term and Short-Run Stress Management The Small-Wins Strategy 155 Life-Balance Analysis 156 Deep Relaxation 158 Monitoring and Managing Time 159 SKILL APPLICATION 161 Activities for Managing Stress 161 Suggested Assignments 161 Application Plan and Evaluation 162 SCORING KEYS AND COMPARISON DATA Stress Management Assessment

Business and Ethics Reflection

Question: Describe about the Report for Business and Ethics Reflection. Answer: Introduction In my paper of business ethics reflection, I will be emphasizing on four major important issues in the society. These issues include personal values and ethics, ethical models, the corporate social responsibility of individuals and the ethical dilemma that most people face in their everyday life. Of all the four major issues of ethical models that I have outlined, the one that I identify with most is utilitarianism. Most of the time it helps me a lot whenever I face an ethical dilemma, and It is a must for me to take a decision or position in a particular matter or situation. The second part of my paper will be all about how my personal values and ethics have shaped and made the person that I am. I will specifically talk about culture, my internal reflection and also my family. I will also discuss an example of a dilemma that I had to face sometimes back and how utilitarianism helped me in making the right decision. Finally the last part of my paper will direct my attention on the corporate social responsibility where I will compare the Chinese ethics and values with the American ethics and values. We will look at how these values and ethics have influenced the people who are in China and America especially in the business organizations. Lastly, I will share my personal opinion that will cement the importance of corporate social responsibility that we all have. The Models of Ethics Ethics is described as a section of philosophy that mainly and most of the time answers different queries about our morality. Ethics plays a critical and vital part in everyones life especially when it comes to making hard and important decisions on matters of great interest to the society and business. I have learned that there is existence many different ethical theories. However, it should be known that some of these ethical theories like the theory of justice, utilitarianism and moral rights have a lot of influence on many people than any other theory that exists (DesJardins and McCall 2014). The Justice Theory Many individuals who regard this theory by taking it as their ethical model most of the time argue out for a fair distribution of the people's resources where the people allocate their burdens and benefits fairly amongst themselves. The theory is known for always treating everyone fairly and impartially according to the legal rules (Kolk 2015). The most generous thing about this theory is that it has the ability urging and motivating people to help the others who are in great need. However, I have learned that one bad thing about this theory is that takes equality as an absolute thing without even looking at the price that will be involved in implementing this equality. The theory of moral rights It mainly looks at the production and respect of everyone in the society and also their fundamental rights that they enjoy. The best thing about this theory is that it makes it easier to protect our fundamental rights. However, the bad thing about the theory is that it does not care about the costs and benefits of getting respect for any other right (Su 2014). Relativism of culture Cultural relativism is the standard that ethical conduct ought to consistently be deduced in cultural perspective. Universalism tells us that moral principles are supreme, which has the different denotation to the traditional relativism. Utilitarianism Utilitarianism asserts to us that anyone who is making a decision must always maximize utilization for the society as a whole. According to my understanding, this simply tells me that everyone must first all settle down and think about the costs and benefits that are going to result from his or her decisions and actions to the whole society. If the advantages are going to outweigh the costs, then it is appropriate for a person who takes himself or herself as a utilitarian to act accordingly. I have learned that utilitarianism needs me always not only to look at the influence of my actions on myself, my friends and my family but it also needs me to know how my decisions are going to have an impact on the society as a whole (Provis 2015). This shows that utilitarianism always makes people responsible for their actions on the society. However, the difficulty with utilitarianism is that it is not easy to measure the personal pain and pleasure against all the members of the society and furthermore it cannot be constrained by law. But all in all, I prefer utilitarianism amongst all the other models because it cares more about the consequences that the decisions that we make will have on the society. I do not think that it is only enough for us only to care about our personal dissatisfactions and satisfactions at the expense of the society (Lai, Pan and Vukovic 2013). Utilitarianism makes it easier for us to have a deep critical thinking before we take any decision especially when we face dilemmas in our life. As a utilitarian, I will always focus on analyzing other factors before taking any decisions. Utilitarianism will help me to list other alternative courses of action and finally take the right alternative that resona tes well with the society as a whole. This will enable me to form a win-win situation. Personal Values and Ethics My personal values and ethics are going to be very easy to understand for me. When making decisions, I will not have to be always depending on my intuition. All always be asking myself some questions before taking any decision or action e.g. whether my decision is legal or not, whether it complies with my values? If I take the decision? How will I feel? Whether my decision is going to benefit the society? Whether I am willing to sacrifice something for the benefit of the society? This critical thinking will then lead me to my solution and answer. My internal reflection, my culture, and my family, are the major three things that always have an influence on my culture but the one that influences my personal ethics is the family. My family has instilled in me a stronger sense of wrong and right ever since I was a child. My parents behavior has influenced me much more. They have taught me always to have some sense of ethics in everything I do. The culture that I live in has also influenced a lot by me as I have learned how to be loyal to my faith, to be good to people and always seek for justice. My internal reflection has a significant role in my individual decision-making process. Whenever I do something against my morals and principles, it will have some bad feelings of guilt or shame. If I do something that meets my personal ethics and values, I will have a feeling of proudness. This will influence creation of my ethical principles and my decisions. My ethical dilemma experience I remember some time back when I faced an ethical dilemma when I was given more balance than I was to be given in a supermarket after shopping. My ethical dilemma was whether to give back this excess money back or just to take it as a good luck and walk away. I realized this after walking some distance from the supermarket. I had to make the right decision. If have to take the money then it would mean a loss for the supermarket, and on the other hand, the money would have also helped me to buy more things that I needed. After critically analyzing the situation I decided to give the extra change back to the supermarket. I felt and knew I had done the right thing. The corporate social responsibility Corporate social responsibility can be described as a way of corporate self-regulation that has been incorporated into various business models. This makes every business organization to be responsible for its actions and decisions. However, many people argue that taking more corporate social responsibility can be a violation against the business organizations in profit maximization. Every country in the world now views America and China as superpowers of today (Schweigert 2016). These two nations share some differences and similarities regarding their values and ethics. This way, the two countries can have more influence on their people and many businesses around the world. Both America and China have the same similarity in the attitudes in peoples lives. As we all know, life is the most precious thing in both of these countries and hence the two countries always focus on ensuring that the business organization follows and practice good corporate ethics. Both of them value the importance of integrity as it is seen as an intangible comparative advantage for companies both in America and China to attract more customers. However, the two countries are said to have the different cultural perception that forms the pattern of environmental stimuli, implicit understanding that is known for conveying meaning between the people of different culture and the physical cues. For instance, China has a high level of context culture whereas U.S. has a lower text culture (Kolk 2015). The Chinese always prefer to have group duties, values, and decisions while the Americans, on the other hand, prefer personal initiatives, achievements, and self-assertions. Conclusion I have learned that ethical principles have a critical role in my decision-making process. Our ethical principles are many times shaped and influenced by various dynamics like culture, family, friends and our internal reflections. Critical thinking should always be a critical ingredient in our life. It will help solve our ethical dilemmas more easily. We should adopt a utilitarian approach so that we put the privileges of the society first before our personal profits. It is important for every business organization to take a corporate social responsibility to help in the development of the society. References Provis, C., 2015. Intuition, analysis and reflection in business ethics.Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-11. Schweigert, F.J., 2016. Conclusion: Moral Formation and Ethical Reflection in Business Education. InBusiness Ethics Education and the Pragmatic Pursuit of the Good(pp. 241-249). Springer International Publishing. Kolk, A., 2015. The social responsibility of international business: From ethics and the environment to CSR and sustainable development.Journal of World Business,51(1), p.2016. Lai, K., Pan, J. and Vukovic, S., 2013. THEORY SESSION 6 COMPARATIVE BUSINESS ETHICS CRITICAL REFLECTION. DesJardins, J.R. and McCall, J.J., 2014.Contemporary issues in business ethics. Cengage Learning. Su, H.Y., 2014. Business ethics and the development of intellectual capital. Journal of Business Ethics,119(1), pp.87-98.

How Lizards Evolved Into Snakes Essays - Snake, Lizard, Monitors

How Lizards Evolved Into Snakes Lizards to Snakes Many millions of years the planet was dominated by lizards great and small. It was a place ruled by the laws of natural selection where the only way to survive was to be able to defend yourself with what you had. It was a constant struggle for food, shelter, and supremacy. It was about survival of the fittest, because only if you were best suited to your environment would you have a chance at living to reproduce. Sometimes adapting to one's environment could create a whole new species altogether. During the time when dinosaurs walked the earth smaller lizards had to be creative to insure their survival. The dinosaurs, because of their size where the bullies of the earth. If lizards wanted food they had to some how sneak around the big dinosaurs in order to avoid becoming food themselves. A species of lizard known as the Ear-less Monitor seemed very well adapted to counteract this problem. Their eyes had a clear protective lens which allowed them to go into the water in search of food and bypass the land roaming dinosaurs all together. One major problem soon faced the Ear-less Monitors in their quest for nourishment. It seemed that the sea dwelling creatures had begun to catch on to the fact that these lizards were invading their territory for food. The sea dwellers reacted by praying on the lizards who came into the water to eat. After many deaths at sea one smart little Ear-less Monitor decided to try another approach at obtaining food. This particular Monitor was picked on by all of the other Monitors because he and his family had arms and legs that were shorter and smaller than everyone else's. The would tease him and his family saying that their gene pool had little genetic variation. But he did not let that get him down. He figured that with his stubby arms and legs that he could burrow under ground to find food. He used his clear protective lenses over his eyes to keep out dirt and rocks. He was sure that he could find some delicious earthworms and other things to feed himself. It was like an all you can eat buffet until all of the other short armed Monitors got the word. The short armed Monitors lived happily under ground while the rest of the species quickly died off. Over time genetic mutations occurred which eventually left the Monitors with no limbs at all. They just had long slender bodies which enabled them to burrow easily and quickly. In order to forget about the torment that their ancestors had been subjected to by the long armed Monitors the group decided to be known from that point on as snakes. The snakes soon decided to give life on Earth's surface another chance because now they were much quicker than the dinosaurs who had devoured the Monitors. They adapted to their new environment quickly with a leg-less mode of locomotion. Over time they evolved and developed more defense mechanisms to become the Snakes we know them as today. Many millions of years ago the planet was dominated by lizards great and small. It was a place ruled by the laws of natural selection where the only way to survive was to be able to defend yourself with what you had. It was a constant struggle for food, shelter, and supremacy. It was about survival of the fittest, because only if you were best suited to your environment would you have a chance at living to reproduce. Sometimes adapting to one's environment could create a whole new species altogether. During the time when dinosaurs walked the earth smaller lizards had to be creative to insure their survival. The dinosaurs, because of their size where the bullies of the earth. If lizards wanted food they had to some how sneak around the big dinosaurs in order to avoid becoming food themselves. A species of lizard known as the Ear-less Monitor seemed very well adapted to counteract this problem. Their eyes had a clear protective lens, which allowed them to go into the water in search of food and bypass the land. Roaming dinosaurs all together. One major problem soon faced the Ear-less Monitors

Shakespeare Modernized essays

Shakespeare Modernized essays When comparing the movie version of Romeo and Juliet directed by Baz Luhrmann, and the original Shakespeare text, many differences are evident. Baz Luhrmann has modernized the original text, making it appeal to a 21st Century audience. While the movie version tends to position the audience differently, it persists to echo the spirit and enthusiasm of the original. The movie version foregrounds contrasting values, attitudes and beliefs from those of William Shakespeares play (who was writing for a 16th century audience). Baz Luhrmann was directing the movie for modern-day society, and he has chosen to remove certain events from the movie; roles and relationships have also been changed for this same reason. The portrayal of events in the movie has dramatically changed to echo the social and cultural context of modern day. The values, attitudes and beliefs that Baz Luhrmann highlights are a great deal different to those foregrounded by William Shakespeare. One main difference in the play, comparing to the movie, is the amount of respect for her parents by Juliet. In the 16th century (Romeo and Juliet was first written and acted in 1595) the father of the family made all decisions regarding members of the immediate family, and their actions. These decisions were almost never defied, only in very extreme circumstances. The way Baz Luhrmann overcame this problem, was to give Mr. Fulgencio Capulet the personality of an overpowering, controlling corporate figure. This gives him the opportunity to boss his daughter and wife around, usually without defiance. This aspect of domestic violence would be familiar with many viewers, from watching police drama shows on television, such as The Bill. Society currently has entirely different attitudes about the age for relationships, and marriage. In William Shakespe ares time it was appropriate (and quite standard) to marry at the age of 14 or 15, whereas in present times this i...

Accounting and Finance Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Accounting and Finance - Speech or Presentation Example With the increasing globalisation when every country can be seen as an opportunity for the investors the lack of understanding of effective corporate governance can adversely effect the investment intentions of investors.Nowadays corporate governance is seen as the key of attracting investors. Capital flow seems directed towards the companies, which practice fair and transparent ways of governing their organisations. With the changing global business scenario the need of understanding and effective practise of fair and technologically advance corporate governance has also increased. In my speech I will first explain the notion of Corporate Governance then we will have a brief overview of the development of corporate governance codes in the UK and the adaptation of similar codes in the EU.ICAEW (2002) has explained corporate governance in a very effective and comprehensive manner as " Corporate governance is commonly referred to as a system by which organisations are directed and cont rolled. It is the process by which company objectives are established, achieved and monitored. Corporate governance is concerned with the relationships and responsibilities between the board, management, shareholders and other relevant stakeholders within a legal and regulatory framework."There are no hard and fast rules for corporate governance, which can be prescribed for all the countries. ... Accountability of the board to shareholders who have the right to receive information on the financial stewardship of their investment and exercise power to reward or remove the directors entrusted to run the company. Transparency of clear information with which meaningful analysis of a company and its actions can be made. The disclosure of financial and operational information and internal processes of management oversight and control enable outsiders to understand the organisation. Fairness that all shareholders are treated equally and have the opportunity for redress for violation of their rights. According to Meigs et al. (1999) this information meets the needs of users of the information-investors. Creditors, managers, and so on-and support many kinds of financial decision performance evaluation and capital allocation, among others. (P.07) Owen (2001) traces the history of the structure of the British financial system that was shaped by the form which industrialisation took in the 18th and 19th centuries. Following legislative changes in mid-century - principally the Joint Stock Companies Act of 1844 and the Limited Liability Act of 1855 - a growing number of Industrial firms converted themselves from partnerships into limited companies. Some of them remained private, while others chose to have their shares listed, either on one of the provincial stock exchanges or in London. Since than till the decade of decade of 1980s, there was no specific development in the field of Corporate Governance in UK. Tricker (1984) mentioned the same fact as, "In the past there seemed a, no demand for independent supervision or disclosure, no intervention in matters

Nursing - Pain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nursing - Pain Management - Essay Example Cyclooxygenases Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase (commonly known as Cyclooxygenases) was purified in 1976 and cloned in 1988. This enzyme is the key catalytic protein in the synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid, resulting in pain and inflammation, and is subject to inhibition by non ­steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). In 1991, several laboratories identified a second gene product with COX activity, now termed COX-2. It is clear now that both isoforms, COX-l and COX-2 are expressed in both peripheral tissues and several areas of the CNS (Prochazkova et al., 2006). Theories of Pain Gatchel, Polatin, and Kinney (1995) state that there are two prominent theories of pain: the traditional specificity theory of pain and the gate control theory of pain. The former, still widely taught, proposes that pain is a specific sensation and that the intensity of pain is proportional to the extent of tissue damage. This theory implies a fixed, straight-through transmission system from somatic pain receptors to a pain center in the brain (p.416). In 1965, Melzack and Wall proposed the gate control theory. This theory suggests that there are physiological and neural mechanisms in the body that can have an effect on the perception of the painful stimulus (Hawthorn & Redmond 2001). The theory postulates that there are two controls that affect the gate. ... This gating mechanism depends on the relative quantity of information being received over the larger fibers versus the smaller fibers. In essence, the two peripheral impulses interfere with each other to alter pain perception. The gate control theory has received the most recognition in the field of pain research (Gatchel, Polatin, and Kinney 416). Anatomy & Physiology The complexities associated with the experience of pain are immense. Hall (1994) addresses those that deal with the physiological aspects by observing that medical science has not fully explained pain mechanisms. The specialization of receptors has been discovered. This refers to receptors being more sensitive to one stimulus than others. Hall (1994) continues with the identification of the receptor that is "incriminated" in the reception of pain, the unmyelinated or thinly myelinated nerve ending, an "unencapsulated" nerve ending. Hall describes the myelin sheath covering that encloses nerve fibers. The thickness of t his sheath varies throughout the body, from none in the periphery, to very thick where nerves enter bones, and other parts of the body. The covering acts as insulation to keep stimuli from entering the nerve from regions other than those served by the nerve (p. 11). Hall (1994) goes on to describe the receptor as a "primitive unorganized nerve ending and often has a weed-like appearance. It has many branches and overlaps with other receptors to totally cover the area which it serves" (p. 11). The area that a particular nerve serves is called a dermatome, which may serve an area of skin, a muscle, or any organ of the body. Hall states, "It is important to realize that the strength of stimulus is a critical factor in the production of pain in this and other

Border and Coastal Security (Criminal Justice) Essay Example for Free

Border and Coastal Security (Criminal Justice) Essay `Hardened Border Paradox’ and `Open Border Paradox. The `Hardened Border Paradox’ refers to the situation when tougher border controls fail to achieve their objective – stop illegal migrants and smuggling. Instead, it is argued, these tougher controls create an atmosphere ripe for spread of criminal activity. Jeane J. Kirkpatrick, Senior Fellow in National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, in his written testimony before a hearing of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate noted that â€Å"draconian measures to police the border invariably provide incentives for informal arrangements and criminal conspiracies to overcome cross-border barriers to commerce and labor movements†. There appears an industry for helping illegal migrants, whereas the cooperation of law enforcement bodies is reduced when one side unilaterally pursues strict policies. The border becomes more â€Å"chaotic†, and tough regulation â€Å"creates a demand for those who are in the business of arranging the illegal crossings† (Kirkpatrick, 2004). This paradox can be resolved by combating illegal groupings and promoting cooperation at the border between authorities on both sides. The ‘Open Border Paradox’ includes the need to combat the movement of terrorists and smugglers across open borders without damaging the free flow of goods and services that benefits the economies of both nations. This paradox exists, for example, on the US-Canadian border where the flow of goods and services is in dependence on anti-terrorist measures. To overcome this paradox, authorities from both sides can create special projects targeting terrorists without jeopardizing trade flows. Kirkpatrick in his testimony points out the example of a bi-national â€Å"Integrated Border Enforcement Team (IBET)† created on the US-Canadian border to overcome smuggling in 1996. Is it cost effective to spend millions and millions of dollars in an effort to stop a handfull of people` who are bound to terrorize the United States? Counteracting the bunch of people bound to terrorize the United States is worth millions of dollars and perhaps even more. This number is commensurate with the devastating impact September 11th and other events had on the development of the American economy and national security. Efforts to combat terrorism within the United States are also costly. The negative effect of terrorist activities on the economic activities of Americans can hardly be overrated. Terrorism poses a risk to the United States and all of its business. Foreign partners contemplating a deal with US companies will be more reluctant to do so if they perceive the state as being in continuous danger of an external attack. This means loss in indirect costs from dangers to the national security, with the effect similar to that political instability in developing nations has on their ability to attract and retain direct foreign investment. The costs of failing to keep the terrorists out are therefore serious issues that have to be addressed in order to prevent the possible danger to the economy. In this way, these efforts are similar to risk management in business. The risk averted may never materialize, and all the costs seem to have sunk in vain; however, if the risk did materialize, the impact on business would have been much greater. Speaking of the need to avert a terrorist attack through anti-terrorism campaigns, one need not forget that it is not only economic prosperity that is at stake. The negative impact on the quality of lives of Americans from September 11th attacks cannot be measured in dollars alone, for here one must factor in the pain, the grief, and the fear that affected even those who only saw the attacks on TV. The government has to deliver public goods to the people, and national security is one of them. Therefore, spending large sums on anti-terrorist measures is a sound idea as long as helps to prevent the terrorists effectively from getting into the country and perpetrating their crimes.

St.Augustines Theodicy and St.Irenaeus theodicy as a weak response to

Augustine’s theodicy is greatly influenced by the creation stories of the Old Testament (Genesis 1-3). While thinking about Augustine’s theodicy it is worth bearing in mind that he interpreted the Genesis story as a literal account of the origins of the world and also as a mythological story that communicated values and meaning. While most Christians today would not suggest that the Genesis story is literally true, they still value the ideas Augustine puts forward in his theodicy. Augustine’s theodicy is basically- God is perfect and creates perfection (garden of Eden), God gave us free will which we in turn misuse which in turn leads to the fall of man and therefore evil comes into the world. So now the whole world is evil and corrupted, Natural Evil is then a result of this corruption. Everyone after the fall shares in the sins of Adam- Original Sin, until Jesus saves us by dying for our sins on the cross. In the book of Romans (5:12) it says ‘Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death came through sin, and so death shall spread to all because all have sinned.’ Therefore humanity is responsible for evil. But some may say that God gave us free will in the first place and if God is all knowing then He knew the fall would happen and therefore he is not all loving or all powerful as he knew evil would come into the world and yet did nothing about it. Vardy comes up with an analogy that works with St.Augustine’s theodicy- the story about the prince and the peasant, a rich prince falls in love with a peasant but knows that if he went up to her clad in his rich fine cottons and silks then she would not truly love him but love what he has. So the prince disguises himself as another peasant and ‘woos’ ... ...so a story of a girl who is beaten and beaten by her parents but does not know why because she is so young. Ivan would say that having free will is ‘still not worth it’ On the other hand some believe that Irenaeus’ Theodicy is effective. They may say that the theory works well with evolution, in the sense that the world was bad and it must be made into perfection. They say that we were once imperfect and have since improved and evolved but this would happen through suffering and therefore it is possible to tie the two theories together. Having to suffer in order to achiever the virtues seems sensible and logical as many sportsmen will know that pain shows that your working hard, this also ties in with the aesthetic principle. Personally I believe that the Irenaeun Theodicy is weak and feeble as there is just too much evil in the world in comparison to the good.

The End of Men

Hanna Rosin – The end of men When we are watching the news or reading the paper, it will sometimes be written by a women. Throughout history women have been opressed by man, but in the 21st century they are no longer opressed. They have been demanding equal rights for both genders and now Hanna Rosin has informed us that it may be the end of men. Is our post-modern world better suited for women? Hanna Rosin is saying that there has been a rapidly increase of female employers at almost any work station. 00 if not 50 years ago that would not have been possible. Many women are trying to achieve high-status jobs like Doctors and Engineers and they are really good at it. Hanna Rosin informs us that women are better in school, getting jobs, and that a new kind of alpha female has appeared. An alpha femle which is â€Å"stirring up anxiety and, occasionally, fear†. This means that she believes that the male dominance is gone and a new more frightening female has appeared. Howe ver in the text she concludes that girls have more desire than boys.She does not have anything to use as a point of view towards this statement. Therefore some of the â€Å"facts† which are given here are not to be fully trusted, since she does not document her facts very well. In the text however, she uses a few rhetorical tools as in Etos and Pathos. Hanna Rosin is an american journalist and also writes for different papers for various american companies. She is using etos because she went to university and is a journalist. She is an expert in rhetorical tools but it seems like the article still lacks of argumentation.In the text she tries to inform the reader what has happened. She is doing this by asking questions to the reader â€Å"but what if qeuality isn't the end point†. She encourages the reader to keep reading and wants to make a debate towards the subject â€Å"feninism† and â€Å"The end of men†. However in the text, she uses pathos a lot bec ause she want to gain power in her cause, because she is herself a supporter of feminism. That is seen in the text because she describes men to be clumsy and also informs the reader that some men had lost millions of jobs.If we turn it around and there were more female leaders than men, the same thing would probably happen. She just uses the same repetitive argumentations which lacks a lot of explaining. She says that the male dominance is almost gone but if we look at the stock shares. The leaders of the companies are men. She is appealing to women that they should not let themselves be opressed by â€Å"evil† which men are portrayed as. She thinks it is men which are behind all the crisis and maybe she is right, but without the proper argumentation she is wrong.We can then ask ourselves, is this a bad way of thinking, could she be right? Feminism is a very hard subject simply because it iis about women wanting equal rights, but at the same time critisites men for who they a re. Not all men are assholes, but in the eyes of true feminists they all are. This is a dangerous thought because it makes a diversity between man and woman. Since she herself watches the men as a threat or atleast a dying â€Å"species† where-as the title The End of Men, it is almost like she is doing everything she can to make women look better than men.The title The End of Men explains how she think that there will be an end to men. As she is mentioning a biologist which created a way of seperating the male-producing Y chromosome. However we still have no proof of men dying in the world, and if we look at china we will see that there are many more boys than girls. We can therefore say that women like Hanna Rosin have strong feelings towards men and seems like the would rather have feminism in men. There will therefore be no permission to be men in a feminist society and the father could be uncomfortable as a protector of his family.

Legal and Ethical Issues Essay - 832 Words

Assignment 1 2 Health care professionals must learn how to balance the principles of Nonmaleficence, Beneficence, Autonomy, and Justice especially in a busy hospital as in the case of Armando Dimas. Health care ethics is a type of normative, applied ethics. It is based on the assumption that, despite all of our differences, we can determine what is right and wrong within the constraints of a human condition prone to error. The goal of health care ethics is to provide health care professionals, students who seek health care careers, and members of the general public with moral guidelines that any rational†¦show more content†¦It was a surprise to the staff when they were able to speak with Armando, they found that he actually wanted all measures possible to save his life even though he would be a quadriplegic for the rest of his life. Doing this, he was asserting his autonomy and not taking the disregard of beneficence and nonmalefience from the staff. Mr. Dimas stayed in the hospital and was given all possible services that the hospital could provide for him. Problems came about which are related to justice. In our country, it is not right to treat one patient different than another patient when the circumstances are similar. One must think about the effort, need, ability to pay, resources and merit to provide fair treatment to everyone. In this situation, Armando had no insurance and became a financial burden to the hospital. The hospital however, did do everything they could to help Armando and even helped him get a custom wheel chair thus keeping their principles of justice. As time went on, even though the hospital did what they could, their ethical standards became too much for them. They had to compare what it was costing for just one patient compared to how many they would have to turn away if they continued to abso rb the costs for Armando’s care. The hospital made the decision to transfer him to a cheaper facility that could care for him. Armando actually liked the new facility, Barts, and the care thatShow MoreRelatedThe Legal And Ethical Issues1532 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction This essay will address the Legal and Ethical issues in relation to the case study. It will outline the four elements of valid consent and applicable issues needed to prove and defend the claim for all parties involved. The Universal declaration of bioethics and human rights identifies three relevant principles to this case study. 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Midlife Crisis in William Shakespeares Sonnet 138 Essay

Midlife Crisis in William Shakespeares Sonnet 138 William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 138† presents an aging man’s rationalization for deceit in an affair with a younger woman. The speaker of the sonnet realizes his mistress lies to him about being faithful. He in turn, portrays himself as younger than he actually is: â€Å"When my love swears that she is made of truth / I do believe her though I know she lies, / That she might think me some untutored youth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1-3). â€Å"Sonnet 138† allows the reader a glimpse into the speaker’s mind, and what one finds is a man suffering from what is commonly known as a midlife crisis. In an effort to reverse â€Å"the downslope [sic] of age† (Kermode â€Å"Millions†), he takes part in a duplicitous affair with a†¦show more content†¦In the last quatrain of â€Å"Sonnet 138,† the speaker questions why the lies are necessary to perpetuate the affair (9-10), then â€Å"makes lame excuses for† the deceptions (Levi n â€Å"Shakespeare’s†). The couplet concludes the sonnet by the speaker resigning himself to the situation (13-4). If fear of aging is the underlying cause behind the affair and lust is the motive, dishonesty is the means. The speaker’s issues regarding dishonesty appear in all three parts of the sonnet. In the first two quatrains, he makes it clear that honesty in his affair is utterly unimportant: â€Å"When my love swears that she is made of truth / I do believe her though I know she lies†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1-2). The speaker states matter-of-factly that he knows his mistress is unfaithful to him, yet he chooses to believe her, at least outwardly. Conversely, though, the use of the word â€Å"swears† in line one could mean, according to Seamus Cooney, that the speaker questioned his mistress about her fidelity (â€Å"Shakespeare†). In lines three through six, as mentioned above, the speaker also feels no qualms about trying to deceive his mistress regarding his age. To prove that honesty is not a virtue in the first two quatrains, the speaker even comments on how his mis tress tries to fool him by going along with his deception, and he confesses to pretending not to notice when she tries to fool him! According to Moore, the deceit present â€Å"is so cynical [and] self-conscious †¦ that

Transforming Vain Danger Second Hand Smoke and the Abject

Coughing, wheezing, and faint cries of an infant; all are sounds of children affected by their parents’ terrible habit: smoking. Secondhand smoke affects everyone nearby, everyone breathes in those horrible chemicals found in cigarettes. What a smoker does to themselves is a personal matter, but what they do to a non-smoker is different. New laws in Texas can help protect nonsmokers from secondhand smoke, as well as the harmful effects it causes. Secondhand smoke has many classifications, a well known term being Environmental Tobacco Smoke or ETS. There are two compounds of secondhand smoke; one is side-stream smoke. Side-stream smoke or SS smoke is the smoke coming from the lighted end of a cigarette. The second is mainstream smoke. Mainstream smoke is the smoke which is exhaled by the smoker. Side-stream smoke is the more harmful of the two because of the high level of carcinogens it contains. Carcinogens are known to be the cancer causing agent in humans. Side-stream smoke also has smaller particles than its counterpart, making a bystanders lungs and cells easy access for the smoke to enter. The more of this smoke, we breathe, the more harmful chemicals enter our body. Passive or involuntary smoking is when a non-smoker is exposed to secondhand smoke. A smoker and non-smoker take the smoke in through the same path (â€Å"Secondhand Smoke†). As we continue to find out more about the risks of secondhand smoke restrictions in public places is becoming more accepted in the UnitedShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesthat generated and were in turn fed by imperialist expansionism, one cannot begin to comprehend the causes and consequences of the Great War that began in 1914. That conflict determined the contours of the twentieth century in myriad ways. On the one hand, the war set in motion transformative processes that were clearly major departures from those that defined the nineteenth-century world order. On the other, it perversely unleashed forces that would undermine Western world dominance and greatly

Developing Marketing Capabilities Process

Question: Discuss about the Developing Marketing Capabilities Process. Answer: Introduction: Phone belongs to S-series brand of the company and was launched in February 2016 together with its sister brand galaxy S7. The two had combined total sales of over 48 million mobile phones sold in 2016 and together with its accessories the sales figures hit over 90 million in the same year under review according to the sales reports provided by the company in Q4 of 2016. Galaxy S7 edge is a flashy aesthetic phone with desirable specs such as long battery life, high microprocessor speed as well other features. (Mihart, 2012) The respondents were two male University undergraduate students aged 20 and 21 respectively. Apart from studies the first respondent who is aged 20 sales branded T-shirts in local town and to fellow students while the second respondent who is aged 21 is one of the student union leaders and after lectures he has to dedicate his spare time in resolving students welfare issues in the university. The two respondents purchased Samsung galaxy S7 edge phone. For both respondents the purchase was limited decision making process because both have had personal experiences with many types of phone and through friends and people close to them. They therefore did not have dig extensively deep for information regarding this purchase. (Yap and Yazdanifard, 2014) Analysis of the decision making process For the first respondent his phone battery life couldnt run a whole day without needing recharge. He does most of his T-shirt sales in social media and this means he constantly engaged in his social media accounts to reply to customer enquiries and close sales. When his battery goes down it meant he doesnt move from one point to another doing deliveries and marketing instead he has to wait for the phone to charge before he can continue with his work. This meant he either purchases a power bank which he will need to recharge it before starting the day and use it to recharge his phone when the battery goes down or purchase a phone with longer battery life. The latter was easier for him and he decided to go for a phone with superior battery life to solve this problem. (Kanagal, 2016) For the second respondent he receives a lot of calls from students who need one or two issues fixed for him or her. The University population is large and so does the number of issues arising from the students. He also needs to keep up with the lectures and other academic activities. This lead to his phone running out of the battery even before the day ends. He also considered purchasing a power bank and retaining the same phone but that meant extra work for him recharging the power bank daily and carrying it with him wherever he goes. He therefore went for purchasing a Smartphone phone with longer battery life that can run a whole day without needing recharge. In the information search stage the two case studies marries well with the literature in that the two respondents utilized ways of searching information such as asking friends, personal experiences and search engines. The Both respondents drew heavily on friends and search engines for information search. They both had prior experiences with various types of phones and did not therefore take much time seeking relevant information that they thought were going to help them resolve their problems. The cost for information search was not significant as they got most of the information for free from friends and past experiences with phones. At this stage they began their risk management in that they listed the pros and cons of buying the new phones. The first criteria was choosing a phone that had long battery life that can withstand a long day activities of calls and browsing without needing recharge. Most of the phones that they had used before averaged a half day usage before needing recharge. They had battery capacity range of between 1800mAh to 2000mAh. This meant that for them to have a phone that can comfortably run their day smoothly the battery capacity of the new phone they intended to buy has to have at least over 3000mAh battery spec. The other criterion was the phone had to have strong capability in terms of speed and processing information fast enough without hanging. They also liked to have an aesthetic phone something that appeal to other students especially for the first respondent as this shows he has good taste of fashion and his brands on his T-shirts have good appeal and acceptance among the young generation which is huge part of his customer base. Both respondents had a number of mobile brands in their sele ction sets. The first respondent considered purchasing Xiomi Mi max with battery capacity of 4850mAh and Gionee Marathon M5 plus with battery capacity of 5020mAh. He made his decision based on the strength of the brand as well as availability of the support service and accessories of the phones. While the other two phones in the consideration set had superior battery life compared to Samsung galaxy S7 edge at 3600mAh first respondent decided to strike a balance between good battery life and availability of support services. The Second respondent considered buying Samsung galaxy S7 but compared with the edge it battery capacity was still less impressive to him at 3000mAh. The edge also had bigger display which appealed to him more than S7 brand. (Kanagal, 2016) The first respondent purchased his phone via online store where you can view the product pictures online as well the specifications. Having gone through the selection criteria had made up his mind about the phone he was going to purchase and that was Samsung galaxy S7 edge. While he was online doing his T-shirt business he come across and advert that was advertising the same phone he wanted to buy. The advert contained an offer for the same phone at 20% discount and this offer was limited. He made the decision to buy promptly through the advertising online store to take advantage of the offer. The second respondent visited the mobile phones shop in the local town. The shops were running different offers ranging from loading free one hour mobile talk time to your mobile line if you purchase from them to having one year warranty if the phone doesnt work as expected and its not buyers fault. He bought the phone at the place where he was given one year warranty of the phone it case it do esnt function as expected. (Guenzi and Troilo, 2006) After the purchase both respondents were satisfied with the performance of their new phones given that they could go about their normal business day uninterrupted with low battery in their phones. This was their problem. They indicated they will try and a maintain Samsung brand next time they need to upgrade their phones. Comparison with existing literature Comparing the two respondents purchase decision making process with what is available in the literature, there is a number of similarities and differences. In the fast step of what triggered the problem the two cases were already faced with a challenge of deciding if they wanted to go for power bank or buy a new phone altogether. (Jaakkola, 2007) This decision was made before the other steps of the consumer decision making procedure were reached. In the criteria stage these cases also resembled what is captured in the literature in that the respondents were guided by the need to resolve a particular problem in this case short battery life as well as other criteria such aesthetic and processing speed. In the purchase stage both case exhibited similarities with literature available for this stage. (Kanagal, 2016) The respondents were affected by the environment such as exposure to advert and promotional incentives warranty that lead them to purchase the phones. On the post purchase sta ge the respondents returned a satisfied verdict in that the phones performance were as expected and further alluded to maintaining the same brand of Samsung phones when they will consider upgrading these gadgets in future. This is also what is captured in most literature concerning consumer decision making process. Conclusion In conclusion the consumer decision making process is real concept that best captures the process through which a consumer makes a decision when in need of purchasing any item as we have seen with the first and the second respondent in this paper. Traders or business people should acquaint themselves with this process so that they can develop effective marketing tool or campaign to boost their sales. References Guenzi, P. and Troilo, G. (2006). Developing marketing capabilities for customer value creation through MarketingSales integration. Industrial Marketing Management, 35(8), pp.974-988. Jaakkola, E. (2007). Purchase decision-making within professional consumer services: Organizational or consumer buying behaviour?. Marketing Theory, 7(1), pp.93-108. Kanagal, N. (2016). An Extended Model of Behavioural Process in Consumer Decision Making. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 8(4), p.87. Kumari, P. (2016). Consumer Brand Preference towards Mobile Phone: Effect of Mobile Phone Attributes on Purchase Decision. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 01(01), pp.01-10. Mihart, C. (2012). Impact of Integrated Marketing Communication on Consumer Behaviour: Effects on Consumer Decision Making Process. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 4(2). Yap, C. and Yazdanifard, R. (2014). How Consumer Decision Making Process Differ From Youngster to Older Consumer Generation. Journal of Research in Marketing, 2(2), p.151.

Case Law free essay sample

Negligence is a complex term including advertent and inadvertent acts and omissions where there has been a failure to take reasonable care to prevent loss, damage or injury to others whom they could reasonably have foreseen might have been injured if that care was not taken. Pentony at al. 2011) There are different categories of negligence and the one concerning the above mentioned cases is Pure Economic Loss. A claim for ‘pure’ economic loss arises where the plaintiff has suffered economic loss which is not consequent upon any physical injury to person or property (Stewart amp; Stuhmcke, 2007) Caltex Oil (Australia) Pty Ltd v The Dredge â€Å"Wilemstad† (1976) has been a one of the landmark cases, where the High Court reached a conclusion that damages could be recovered for economic loss not consequent on injury to personal property. The facts of the case were: An oil refinery pipeline was damaged during dredging work in Sydney’s Botany Bay which connected an oil refinery at Kurnell, on the southern shore, with an oil terminal at Banksmeadow, on the northern shore * Both the refinery and the pipeline were owned by Australian Oil Refining Pty. Ltd. (A. O. R. ) and the terminal was owned by Caltex Oil (Australia) Pty. Ltd. (Caltex). * Caltex supplied crude oil to the refinery for processing, and the product was delivered to Caltex either into a vessel at the A. O. R. wharf or by way of the pipeline to the Caltex terminal. Caltex, which used but did not own the pipe, was forced to transport oil by road and sea while the line was repaired * Caltex claimed these costs from the dredge owner and the company responsible for preparing the dredging route This case succeeded in High Court on consideration of following factors: * The damages were purely economic and have resulted directly because of the defendants negligence and therefore is entitled to damages * Though there was no physical damage, defendant’s negligence has caused the plaintiff or the plaintiff’s property to be ‘immobilised’. Hence needed compensation. * Another factor which was considered while arriving at a decision was negligent conduct and knowledge of the plaintiff’s vulnerability. The defendant here knew and should have known that Caltex would suffer the type of financial losses it did. * Hence Caltex succeeded. A similar case Perre amp; Ors v Apand Pty Ltd (1999) appeared once again on grounds of pure economic loss. The facts of the case are as under: * Apand Pty Ltd controls 60% of the Australian potato crisp industry and regularly new varieties of potatoes * The Perre family owns several potato farms in South Australia and sells its products in Western Australia * In 1991, Apand supplied non-certified (unapproved) potato seed for experimental use to a farm adjoining a Perre farm * The seed contained bacteria disease which infected the experimental crop * The Western Australian regulations imposed a prohibition on the importation into Western Australia, not only of potatoes grown on land known to be affected by the disease, but also of potatoes grown on land within a certain distance of affected land. Although the Perre crop was not contaminated, they were barred under Western Australian quarantine laws from selling their potatoes in that state for five years * Apand’s internal records showed it knew there was a contamination risk and that neighbouring farms could suffer economic loss because of the quarantine laws * This case was declined by the full federal court on grounds that Apand’s duty of care was limited to the farmer who had received the diseased seed However, later, on appeal to the High Court, it was held that Apand was liable * In broad terms, the court found that there is a duty to take care to avoid economic loss where: * One party knows or reasonably should know that their conduct could harm an individual or class (group) of people, i. e. , they held a ‘controlling’ position; and * That person or class cannot protect themselves, ie. they were vulnerable * However, the justices abandoned proximity as the sole basis of identifying a duty of care and took a number of individual approaches in this case with the most notable being the plaintiffs’ vulnerability and inability to protect themselves. * There were some particular policy considerations that have been identified by the courts as being relevant in these types of cases, the most often cited policy consideration in these cases is the fear of indeterminate liability’ The difference in decisions of High Court: Caltex Oil (Australia) Pty Ltd v The Dredge â€Å"Wilemstad† (1976) case was decided based on factors like duty of care, reasonable foreseeability of harm and proximity. * In Perre amp; Ors v Apand Pty Ltd (1999), factors like duty of care, plaintiff’s vulnerability and inability to protect themselves were the main considerations apart from factors of policy considerations like indeterminate liability while arriving at the conclusion not placing major reliance on proximity. Question 2 Andrew was not a regular wine drinker but to celebrate his anniversary with Mary, he decided to find the perfect red wine to complement the food that he was going to cook for both of them. Andrew was told by one of his friends that Winemaker Leo Cusseo makes excellent red wines. Andrew bought the Pinot Noir 2004 by Leo Cusseo accordingly. During the dinner, everything was very lovely and Andrew proceeded to unscrew the metal cap on the wine bottle. All of a sudden the plastic stopper on the bottle shot out and hit Andrew in one eye. This led to serious bleeding and eventually blindness on the eye. Mary was so shocked that she suffered from post-traumatic disorder and could not go back to work for months. She also had to constantly care for Andrew. After an investigation by a third party, it was later discovered that the hidden plastic stopper would often shoot out, sometimes up to 3 meters, after unscrewing the metal cap. As there was no warning on the bottle, could Andrew bring a successful negligence claim against Leo Cusseo? Explain. Issues: The Issue here is whether Andrew can bring a successful negligence claim against Leo Cusseo under common law or Statutory law? To succeed in the negligence claim, Andrew – plaintiff will have to prove these elements of law. Relevant Legal principles: We shall examine the case under both statutory law and common law. The plaintiff not only needs to prove that the defendant owed him or her a duty of care, but also that there has been a ‘breach’ of that duty of care. To prove a breach of duty involves the plaintiff having to prove two things: that he or she owed a particular ‘standard of care’ and that the defendant failed to meet that required standard or failed to take the appropriate precautions’ (Pentony at al. 2011). There is a breach of the duty of care if the defendant does not do what a reasonable person would have done in the same circumstances. To decide this, the court is to consider the following. The probability that the harm would occur if care were not taken; b) The likely seriousness of harm; ) The burden of taking precautions to avoid the risk of harm d) The social utility of the activity that creates the risk of harm (Pentony at al. 2011). 3. The third element required in any action in negligence is proof that the plaintiff suffered loss, damage or injury as result of defendant’s negligent acts or omissions. A plaintiff suffered loss, damage or injury. There are two tests which should be complied with to prove the link between the cause and damage. The ‘but for’ test and the ‘direct consequences’ test. 4. The relevant case applicable in these circumstances is Donoghue V Stevenson(1932) AC 562- common law Application: * In the present case, Leo Cusseo as a manufacturer of red wine owed a duty of care not to cause injury or damage as a result of his products. As the third party investigation revealed that the hidden bottle stopper often shooted out upto 3 metres of unscrewing the cap, it was reasonably foreseeable that Leo’s conduct could harm anyone in Andrew’s position. Moreover Leo was in a position to prevent such harm from happening as it was under his control. Moreover he failed to provide any warning about the same on the bottle of wine. Thus based on the above circumstances, it can be proved that Leo Cusseo owed a duty of care to Andrew. * To prove a negligence claim, it is important to prove that there was breach of duty of care. It can be said that there was a breach as the risk was serious, reasonably foreseeable and could be controlled. This can also be proved based on the case of Donoghue V Stevenson (1932) AC 562 where May Donoghue’s friend purchased a ginger beer contained in a dark bottle for May, and after finishing the drink, May Donoghue found the remains of a snail, she fell ill and sued for the injury caused to her. In the present case, Leo Cusseo provided defective bottle caps which harmed the plaintiff and the probability, likely seriousness of harm was high and Leo did not take any reasonable precautions to avoid this harm. * The plaintiff in the present case has suffered damage as a result of defective bottle cap which could have been avoided, had care been taken. Hence Leo was liable under common law. * Even under Wrongs Act 1958 (Vic), Leo can be held liable as the risk was foreseeable, significant and he had not taken any reasonable precaution to avoid such harm. Therefore he is liable under statutory law too. Conclusion: Based on the application of both statutory law and civil law factors, it can be held that Leo Cusseo is responsible for negligence towards Andrew. b. If there was a warning on the bottle which stated â€Å"Open carefully, inner plastic stopper may eject†, would your answer to A be different? Though there was a warning on the bottle, the tests discussed above would apply to arrive at a conclusion whether Leo Cusseo was liable under negligence to Andrew :- * Even if there was a warning on the bottle, Leo Cusseo still owed a duty of care to Andrew. The ‘duty of care’ in negligence is a legal duty to take reasonable care to prevent foreseeable harm. It is not a mere ‘moral obligation, or social responsibility, but a legal duty of care, breach of which might result in damages†¦for any injury suffered in consequences of the breach’ * A mere warning on the bottle does not protect the defendant as they are expected to take reasonable care to prevent harm occurring to plaintiffs and the action is under control of the defendant which establishes his duty of care owed to plaintiff Andrew. * Secondly, there has been a breach of duty of care as discussed above. * Thirdly, the plaintiff has suffered damage as a result of defective bottle cap which could have been avoided, had care been taken. Hence Leo was liable under common law. Even under Wrongs Act 1958 (Vic), Leo can be held liable as the risk was foreseeable, significant and he had not taken any reasonable precaution to avoid such harm. Therefore he is liable under statutory law too. * The presence of warning on the bottle is not sufficient to refute claims of negligence by Leo. However, he can use Contributory negligence as main defence to protect himself under s 26(1) of the Wrongs Act 1958 (Vic). In order to prove contributory negligence the defendant has to prove that the plaintiff was at least partially at fault and the fault effectively contributed to the loss, damage or injury. The defendant can argue that he had provided warning and Andrew did not follow the warning contributing to his loss or injury by failing to take reasonable care. Conclusion: It can be concluded that though there is presence of warning on the bottle, it does not relieve Leo Cusseo from the duty of care he owed to Andrew. However, the same can be used as a defence in the form of contributory negligence by not following the warning. c. Can Mary bring a successful negligence claim against Leo Cusseo too? Explain. To prove negligence of Leo Cusseo towards Mary, we would need to apply the same tests of duty of care, breach of duty of care and arising of injuries or damages as a result of such breach. * Firstly, we have to establish a duty of care of Leo towards Mary. Applying ‘neighbour principle’ to determine the existence of duty of care. Though there was no contract between Mary and Leo Cusseo, According to Lord Atkin, as per the neighbour principle, the defendant must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbor. Neighbour is a person who is so closely and directly affected that they need to be in mind as being so affected that directing our mind to the acts or omissions which are called into question. * The concept of reasonable foreseeable risk of injury (and, therefore, the determination of the persons to whom a duty of care can be owed) now encompasses nervous shock or the psychiatric consequences that can result from seeing or hearing about injuries to those close to you. (Pentony et. l 2011) * Mary could bring a successful negligence claim against Leo Cusseo as evident from Jaensch V Coffey (1984) where Coffey suffered psychiatric consequences as a result of seeing and hearing about injuries to her husband. Hence duty of care of Leo can be established based on the above case. * Secondly, there has been a breach of duty of care as discussed above. * Thirdly, the Mary has suffered post-traumatic disorder as a result of seeing her husband’s accident. Hence Leo was liable under common law. * Even under Wrongs Act 1958 (Vic), Leo can be held liable as the risk was foreseeable, significant and he had not taken any reasonable precaution to avoid such harm. Therefore he is liable under statutory law too. Yes, based on the points discussed above, Mary can also bring a successful negligence claim against Leo Cusse. Question 3 (10 marks) Annie saw the following advertisement in a shop window: ‘Today’s Special Offer: Michael Jackson CDs $2. 99 each. ’ Annie went into the shop and said she would take five. The shopkeeper said: ‘That’s $64. 95, thank you. ’ When Annie pointed out that the sign in the window said ‘$2. 99’ the shopkeeper said that his assistant must have made a mistake as the price was actually $12. 99 each. Which of the following is the most correct? Explain your answer using relevant legal principles: a. Annie and the shopkeeper have a contract for the sale of the five CDs at $2. 99 each. b. Annie and the shopkeeper have a contract for the sale of the five CDs at $12. 99 each. c. There is no contract because no one has made an offer. d. There is no contract because no one has accepted an offer. There is no contract because no one has accepted an offer. This case involves contract law, in particular offers and acceptance and distinction between an offer and invitation to treat. In order to analyze the above question, we first have to analyze whether a contract exists between the shopkeeper and Annie. A contract may be described as an agreement or set of promises that the law will enforce. Not every promise to do something will be enforced and the law has to determine which promises give rise to legal obligation or merely moral obligation. In order to verify whether a contract exists, there needs to be essential elements of a formation of contract i. e. agreement (Offer and acceptance), consideration, intention to create legal relations, certainty of terms. In the present case there was no contract as there was no agreement. There was no offer. First of all, the advertisement in a shop window was not an offer but an invitation to treat. An invitation to treat is merely an expression of interest in doing business and carries no legal obligation. It is not a positive undertaking but merely an expression of willingness to enter negotiations. The display of goods on shop shelves, in catalogues and advertisements are not offers but invitations to treat. This means that if a person responds to an advertisement for goods but is not able to purchase them because, for instance, the seller has run out of stock, no remedy is available in contract. This can be proved based on the case Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain V Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd (1953) where display of priced goods on a shelf was held not to infringe a state prohibiting the sale of drugs except under the supervision of a registered pharmacist. Similarly the display of goods in the present case was merely an invitation to treat and not an offer to sell; when Annie went into the shop, the shopkeeper could either accept or reject the offer. An invitation to treat covers all those aspects of the negotiating process falling short of the final offer. Secondly, shop keeper can argue that the advertisement was not meant to be taken seriously but was a mere advertising puff and hence there was no intention to create a legal relation.